Describe the expected immunological course of events during the infection, devel

Question

Describe the expected immunological course of events during the infection, development of disease, and recovery of this patient, including the following information:

the means by which specific clones are formed and activated – Where do B cells and T cells form? How does your body generate billions of antibodies that recognize many foreign proteins? See the Highlight on page 468 of your book.

the role of T-cells and B-cells in the process – What types of pathogens do T-cells attack? What do B-cells form? What types of pathogens do they attack?

the classes of immunoglobulins active at each step in the immunoactivation process – What are the 5 different types of antibodies? When are they produced during the infection process?

the way immunological memory is generated. – Why do you respond faster to an infection the second time you get it?

Explanation / Answer

Ans.) The course of immunological events during the infection and development of disease is   highly depends on the route and phase, type and site of the infection. For example, local infection at surface such as the mucosa can trigger local cell-mediated and humoral (IgA) immune response. In case of viral infection, IgG antibodies are generated in serum, while IgA is the most important antibody when viruses infect mucosal surfaces.

Both the B cells and T cells are formed from lymphoid stem cells. The B cell matures in bone marrow whereas T cell matures in thymus. B cells (B lymphocytes) are a white blood cells which is responsible for generation of billions of antibody in response to any foreign particle. B cell contains specific B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell surface. These receptors let the B cell to bind a specific antigen to initiate the immediate antibody response. Once B cell is triggered it starts producing plasma cells and memory B cells. (The B cells synthesizes a germinal center and go through proliferation, immunoglobulin class switching along with affinity maturation which results in production of highly active memory B cell and plasma cell. Hence, plasma cells pf B cell accountable for secretion of large quantity of antibody.)

T cell mainly attack invaders like viruses along with bacteria and several parasites. On the other hand B cell is mainly responsible for the synthesis of antibodies against pathogens i. e. blood borne, mucosal pathogens. There are five different types of antibodies are IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD and IgM. They are activated by the body’s immune system to counteract pathogen in the body.

·         IgG produced when they encounter virus, fungi or bacteria.

·         IgA are secreted in saliva, tears, sweat etc.

·         IgE are secreted in response of allergy.

·         IgD expressed with antibody IgM.

·         IgM is the primary immunoglobulin; its expression begins in human fetus.

The second response against any infection is faster than the previous one is because of memory B cell. These memory cell are long lived and the immediately became active on the onset of any infection second time. They have the memory of first infection.

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