1. Vestibular cells secret glutamate a. within the brainstem’s vestibular nuclei

Question

1. Vestibular cells secret glutamate

a. within the brainstem’s vestibular nuclei

b. upon a sensory neuron

2. Sensory input from the left and right vestibular apparatus enters the CNS via cranial nerve pair VIII. The bodies of the sensory neurons that convey mechanoreceptor input are found within the

a. vestibular nuclei

b. vestibular ganglia

3. Posture control requires central integration in two places: cerebellum and brainstem. In the latter case, interneurons within the vestibular nuclei receive raw sensory input from the inner ear and processed sensory input from interneurons within the deep nuclei of the cerebellum. A subpopulation of neurons within the vestibular nuclei are premotor neurons, whose axons project through the vestibulospinal tracts towards spinal cord motor neurons. Identify the target cells of the vestibulospinal tracts.

a. -motor neurons

b. -motor neurons

4. Whether an animal is moving or standing still, posture control requires anti-gravity muscles. Posture control tends to me mediated by the -loop. This name reflects the role played by spinal cord -motor neurons. What do -motor neurons innervate?

a. muscle spindles

b. small, specialized muscle fibers found within muscle spindles

5. Why are intrafusal fibers particularly odd as muscle fibers?

their size or   their centers lack myofibrils

Explanation / Answer

ans 1 ------ a. within the brainstem’s vestibular nuclei.

ans 2 ---- vestibular ganglia.

ans 3 ---- target cells are alpha motor neurons

ans 4 --- gamma motor neurons innervate the small specialized muscle fibres found within muscle spindles, which are also called intrafusal fibres.

ans 5 -------- they are particularly odd due to their size.

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