Introductory Logic I. For each of the following sets of sentences: (1) Write whe

Question

Introductory Logic

I. For each of the following sets of sentences:

(1) Write whether it is most likely intended as an argument or as something else.

(2) If it is intended as an argument, try to state the conclusion. If it is something else, say whether it is a narrative list, informational statement, emotional outburst, etc.

1. “There is a stain on this rug. The dog was the only one in this room today, and the rug wasn’t stained last night. So, the dog must have stained the rug.”

2. “Soldiers are the backbone of this country. They stand for the freedom we respect so highly. I support soldiers.”

3. “There’s a concert on Tuesday. We’re going to a party on Wednesday. And I have a work function on Thursday night. I wish I had more time in my week.”

4. “There are only two options on the ballot: Republican and Democrat. You’re not one of those liberal Democrats. So, you can only vote Republican.”

5. “We left early, around 8 PM, and went to Sue’s house. Immediately after that, we went to open mic night at the café. By the time we left, got gas, and got home, it was after midnight.”

6. “We left early, around 8 PM, and went to Sue’s house. Immediately after that, we went to open mic night at the café. By the time we left, got gas, and got home, it was after midnight. So, there is no way you could have seen us at the restaurant at 9:30.”

7. “She’s 21, she has an excellent driving record, and she doesn’t drink. It is safe to trust her with your car.”

8. “We only need three things from the store: arugula, butter, and a bag of potatoes.”

9. “After the sermon, Reverend Harris drove home and found his front door open. He was astonished to find that nothing was out of place. He surmised that he simply forgot to close the door when he left.”

10. “There is a standard protocol for politicians in this situation. They simply change the subject and act as though they are being unfairly accused. This is not the way responsible leaders act.”

11. “There is a long line of railroad workers in my family. On my dad’s side, they stretch back to the early 1800s. On my mom’s side, they go back to the 1840s.”

12. “We can trust that the ancient text is reliable. Several linguists trace its writing patterns to the time it claims to have been written. Historians have identified other texts that corroborate the story. Plus, according to classicists, no one in the ancient world seems to doubt its authenticity.”

13. “The story he told was a long one. First, he explained every detail of his childhood home. Then, he described his extensive family lineage. And what seemed to take the longest is when he began describing all his childhood pets.”

14. “When she left this morning, I told her take three things: her umbrella, her book bag, and her lunch. She forgot all three.”

15. “Detective Rogan carefully sifted all the evidence before finding what he was looking for. The bellhop was the only person with motive, but there was no evidence. But now he knew that the gun in the bellhop’s locker fired the bullet that killed the victim. Since there were no other suspects, Rogan concluded that it must have been the bellhop.”

16. “It was the bellhop. I know because the victim was shot with the gun found in the bellhop’s locker, the bellhop had motive to kill the victim, and there are no other potential suspects.”

17. “I only want three things for Christmas: a computer, a wool sweater, and new music for my Kindle.”

18. “One way to argue that the Big Bang occurred is to point to the inflation of the universe and to the background microwave radiation.”

19. “Yes, you should believe that the Big Bang explains our universe. Edwin Hubble discovered that all galaxies are moving away from one another, which suggests that the universe is inflating. And Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background that documents much much earlier stages of the universe’s development that explain today’s stars and galaxies, which suggests that the energy in the universe used to be much more dense than today.”

20. “There are only three ingredients needed for making good Scotch: water, barley, and yeast. These are then aged in oak barrels for many years.”

Explanation / Answer

“There is a stain on this rug. The dog was the only one in this room today, and the rug wasn’t stained last night. So, the dog must have stained the rug.”

It is clearly mentioned that no stained in night on rug & only dog is only in room so it means action & reaction are defined perfectly and interlink so it must be a informational statement cannot be argue.

“Soldiers are the backbone of this country. They stand for the freedom we respect so highly. I support soldiers.”

Every citizen of their country they respect/ feeling proud on country so definitely their emotional touch to their sentiment about country & about their soldiers as give whole life to serve country. its emotional angle included it to it .

There’s a concert on Tuesday. We’re going to a party on Wednesday. And I have a work function on Thursday night. I wish I had more time in my week.”

In this sentence clearly mentioned just like wish list but for real world definitely it’s a argument, argument included time management in week you can exceed about 7 days same like hours. For conclusion need to complete every activity in stipulated time frame,

“There are only two options on the ballot: Republican and Democrat. You’re not one of those liberal Democrats. So, you can only vote Republican.”

Every person having right of to vote for election. Now it’s should be a debate or argue as I am not liberal democrat & also not good candidate of republican or not like republican candidate So question arises why I vote for republican. To conclude that Can I have option to avoid this situation one of option like I don’t like candidate.

We left early, around 8 PM, and went to Sue’s house. Immediately after that, we went to open mic night at the café. By the time we left, got gas, and got home, it was after midnight.”

It’s very simple just like narrative story cannot be argument as every action is continue with reaction having link to each other.

“She’s 21, she has an excellent driving record, and she doesn’t drink. It is safe to trust her with your car.”

Now this question is nothing but tricky one. it is debate on you cannot judge on the track record of driving. Accident happens & depends on situation. You must say that condition is very important at that stage. But you can take one of measure for good driving to conclude the same.

“We only need three things from the store: arugula, butter, and a bag of potatoes.”

It’s nothing but informational statement.

“After the sermon, Reverend Harris drove home and found his front door open. He was astonished to find that nothing was out of place. He surmised that he simply forgot to close the door when he left.”

It’s nothing but informational statement of mind that he checks his belongs that nothing was of out of place. Also no one is there to ask him.

“There is a standard protocol for politicians in this situation. They simply change the subject and act as though they are being unfairly accused. This is not the way responsible leaders act.”

Now it is a argument that only politicians have that protocol why not for common man if common man accused for something resulting in fined /imprisonment & many thing but for politician don’t have that this should change both put as on commons platform for accused. Fairly decision or result should be for common man & politicians.

“There is a long line of railroad workers in my family. On my dad’s side, they stretch back to the early 1800s. On my mom’s side, they go back to the 1840s.”

It is a just like narrative story no clear idea getting from this.

“We can trust that the ancient text is reliable. Several linguists trace its writing patterns to the time it claims to have been written. Historians have identified other texts that corroborate the story. Plus, according to classicists, no one in the ancient world seems to doubt its authenticity.”

For this it is a question mark for authenticity of ancient text. Some time we got the evidences of ancient text some time not. So it is argument or debate & concludes on the basis there root cause/ result/ testing on what it is written need the confirmation etc.

“The story he told was a long one. First, he explained every detail of his childhood home. Then, he described his extensive family lineage. And what seemed to take the longest is when he began describing all his childhood pets.”

This is nothing but emotional storyline as mentioned he stared with childhood home & goes to the family linkage so it’s nothing emotional attachment & goes to past.

“When she left this morning, I told her take three things: her umbrella, her book bag, and her lunch. She forgot all three.”

It is argument as he already said that you should take as said. But this not happened importance on the situations these three things. To conclude reason out for forgot things.

“Detective Rogan carefully sifted all the evidence before finding what he was looking for. The bellhop was the only person with motive, but there was no evidence. But now he knew that the gun in the bellhop’s locker fired the bullet that killed the victim. Since there were no other suspects, Rogan concluded that it must have been the bellhop.

This is argument as bellhop having motive but don’t have evidence against him so Detective Rogan cannot conclude on basis of that no strong case in court, now for conclusion need solid & strong evidence against him to proved that he is a guilty.

“It was the bellhop. I know because the victim was shot with the gun found in the bellhop’s locker, the bellhop had motive to kill the victim, and there are no other potential suspects.”

Again it is baseless charges against him so need to strong evidence.

“I only want three things for Christmas: a computer, a wool sweater, and new music for my Kindle.”

It’s narrative story or wish list.

“One way to argue that the Big Bang occurred is to point to the inflation of the universe and to the background microwave radiation.”

One should have argument on this topic. Can be concluded Universe might be traced back in time to an originating single point; scientists have built on his idea of cosmic expansion. While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of two different expanding universe theories, the Big Bang.

“Yes, you should believe that the Big Bang explains our universe. Edwin Hubble discovered that all galaxies are moving away from one another, which suggests that the universe is inflating. And Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background that documents much earlier stages of the universe’s development that explain today’s stars and galaxies, which suggests that the energy in the universe used to be much more dense than today.”

It is nothing informational statement

“There are only three ingredients needed for making good Scotch: water, barley, and yeast. These are then aged in oak barrels for many years.

It is informational statement.

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