6 Chapter S CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS I. How can you tell whether an angument is

Question

6 Chapter S CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS I. How can you tell whether an angument is using inductive reasoning or 1. How can you tell wheth reasoning? 2. How nal can you distinguish between categorical arguments and truth-functio arguments 3. How can you distinguish among analegical arguments, inductive seneralizations, and causal arguments? 4. What terms arg used in evaluating deductive arguments? 5. What terms are used in evaluating inductive arguments 6. How do you write a Critical Précis of a deductive argument? 7. How do you write a Critical Précis of an inductive argument?

Explanation / Answer

1. How to decide whether an argument is using inductive or deductive reasoning?

Let us first try to understand what deductive reasoning is and then move to inductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning is a form of logic which starts with a hypothesis or general statements and then try to reach a particular conclusion. In deductive reasoning, we simply hold hypothesis or some general statements true and then based on these true statements, we try to predict the consequences.

So, it works this way: we have one premise which is true. Again, we have one more premise which is also true. Now, on the basis of these premises, we try to make some inference.

Take an example:

Statement A: Dogs have 4 legs.

Statement B: Beta is a Dog.

So, here we have 2 premises, statement A and statement B, which we assume to be true and then we try to make some inference or conclusion of these two premises.

Conclusion: Beta has 4 legs.

Now, let's move to inductive reasoning.

Inductive reasoning: It is opposite of deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning tries to make broad generalizations from some specific observations. It tries to explain or infer a theory or any observation.

e.g. Statement A: Harish is Grandfather.

Statement B: Harish is Bald.

Generalization: All grandfathers are bald.

While Statement A and Statement B are true, but the generalization which comes out of the inductive reasoning, may not always be true. It can be false as well. You can see that we did not deduce a logic but induce a more generalization out of the two statements.

While in case of Deductive reasoning, we saw that we follow a proper logic to come at a particular inference or result. In case of deductive reasoning, if all the premises are true, the inference made out of the reasoning must also be True.

Thus, the way to see whether a logic has used deductive or inductive reasoning, simply look out for the premises used in the logic. If all the premises are true and the conclusion is always true, it implies we have used deductive reasoning for the logic. However, if the conclusion is more of generalization which may not always be true in all the cases, then, in that case, we have used inductive reasoning in the logic.

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