please provide answer for each questions separate 1. Describe the ethical consid
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Question
please provide answer for each questions separate
1. Describe the ethical considerations that should be addressed before conducting research on human subjects. (LLO #1)
2. Why is it important that written consent be obtained from each patient who participates in a clinical trial? (LLO #1)
3. What is sterilization? As discussed in this chapter? Do you agree that eugenic sterilization should be allowed? Discuss the moral dilemmas of these concepts. (LLO #1)
4. Describe the distinctions among wrongful birth, wrongful life, and wrongful conception. Discuss the moral dilemmas of these concepts. (LLO #1)
5. Describe the controversy over surrogacy. (LLO #1)
6. Discuss why there is controversy over genetic markers and stem cell research. (LLO #1)
7. What is AIDS, and how is it spread?
8. Discuss the controversy that can occur when considering a patient’s right to know whether a caregiver has AIDS and the caregiver’s right to privacy and confidentiality. (LLO#1)
Explanation / Answer
1. It is important to keep ethical principles in mind while conducting biomedical research on human beings to protect their dignity, rights and welfare.
The purpose of research,procedures involved, alternative to participation, all foreseeable risks should be clearly articulated, benefits of the research to the society, time to be taken for the research, person to be contacted in case of any emergency, written consent to be opting that the participation is voluntary. The subjects right to confidentiality and the right to withdraw from participation should be respected.
2. Written or informed consent must be obtained from all the human beings on home biomedical research is being conducted. The subject in this case completely understands the research process and the risks involved should be explained in simple and easily understandable language without technical jargons. It also prevents the medical institution conducted the research from possible future illegal outcomes. The belmont report also mandates it as This is the process by which the institutions respect individual autonomy.
3. Sterilisation refers to the process which intentionally makes a person incapable to reproduce.
Eugenic sterilisation is the sterilisation to mentally ill people so that their disease is not passed on to the offspring by Herrity and in cases where they cannot take proper care of the child. Even though the sterilisation is conducted on a mentally ill person with or without his consent, but Since the decision mainly affects the life of a new child, it is legally allowed in most states. But, more and more such decisions are being taken by medical men rather than judges.
4. Wrongful birth is the legal calls where parents claim that the doctor failed to completely understand and communicate congenital disease or of their newborn child. It can also be claimed by the abnormal child when he believes that he should not have been born.
Wrongful death is claimed by family when death happens due to negligence by the doctor or medical institutions.
Wrongful conception is claimed by parents when there is a negligent performance by a sterilisation process and consequent pregnancy.
5. Surrogacy is where a wonderful agrees to carry a child in her womb on behalf of different parents. Once the child is born, the surrogate mother carrying the child needs to detach herself from the newborn child emotionally and physically. This is against the generally accepted norm of family raising where a mother carries her child in her womb and loves and cares for the child once it is born.
6. Genetic markers are DNA or genes which are used to identify individuals or species. Stem cell research ethics involves the Development, use and destruction of human embryos.
7. AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome is caused by human immuno deficiency virus or H I V. It adversely affects the immune system of the body and it increases the risk of common infections like tuberculosis.
It Can spread by blood transfusion, childbirth or by intercourse.
8. AIDS caregivers should be properly educated about protecting themselves from the virus. Their right to privacy, whether they are infected or not should be completely respected and confidentiality be maintained. The patient can know their care givers infection status only if the caretaker allows it.
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