environmental forces are believed to have led to the evolution of eusociality in
ID: 40168 • Letter: E
Question
environmental forces are believed to have led to the evolution of eusociality in the following animals? Place the letter for the correct species next to its hypothetic. Exchange of gut symbionts necessary for survival A- Aphids Parasite pressure led to communal nesting B- Social wasps Living in an enclosed area (gall) with a need for defense and parthenogenetic reproduction C- Terminus D- Naked mole rats 4-What are three evolutionary means by which organisms can escape exploitation (i.e., refugia)? As part of your answer, explain how the organism escapes exploitation and provide an example of an organism that illustrates the strategy.Explanation / Answer
in the terms are natural selection- competition is an interaction between species or organism in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another.our community lacks one resources such as food or water used by both be a factor.
competition is one of many interacting biotic & abiotic factor that affect commuinty structure.community is not always straight forward, and can occur in both a direct & indirect fashion
biologically two types of competition
1. interference competition- during this organism interact directly by fighting for scarce resources, such as large aphids defends feeding sites on cottonwood leaves by kicking & shoving small aphids for better sites.
2. exploitative competition- during exploitative competition, organism interact indirectly by consuming scarce resources, for example plant consume nitrogen by absorbing it into their roots , making nitrogen unavailable to nearby plants,plants that produces many roots typically reduce soil nitrogen to low level, eventually killing neighbouring plants.
Importance exploitative competition
Exploitative competition within species can play an important role in limiting population sizes (see logistic growth). Exploitation competition among species can also influence the population sizes of competing species. In addition, competitive exclusion, as a result of exploitative competition, can be an influence on the number of species that can coexist in a community.
Traits to win exploitative competition
Natural selection has produced a number of traits that help species win in exploitative competitive interactions. For example, because sunlight reaches taller plants first, forest trees are able to "consume" light before it reaches the understory plants. Thus, exploitative competition for light favors taller plant growth forms. Similarly, water infiltrates from the surface down into the soil. Thus, some species of plants have wide-spread shallow root systems that allow them to pick upt water before it reaches the roots of species with deeper root systems.
Reducing exploitative competition
Niche partitioning is an important mechanism that organisms use to try to reduce exploitative competition. Competition can be reduced if species with similar feeding strategies each specialize in slightly different resources, feed in different location, or feed at different times. For example, beetles that feed on the phloem of trees may feed at different locations (the roots tips, the root collar, the trunk). Likewise, ant species that forage for caterpillar prey may do so at different times of day.
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