Principles of Networking Please answer the following questions as soon as possib

Question

Principles of Networking

Please answer the following questions as soon as possible using your own words

1. What is an advantage of a packet switched network?
2. What is an advantage of a circuit switched network?
3. What is packet fragmentation?
4. Define a host in networking terms
5. Identify and describe the seven layers of the OSI model
6. Identify the protocol layer (OSI) that each of the following devices can operate up to:
(a) Bridge
(b) Switch
(c) Router
(d) Wireless Access Point
7. What is multiplexing?

Explanation / Answer

1) Advantages of packet switching are

Packets could be stored in main memory and doesn't require disk hence reduces delay.

Packet switching provides reliable communication medium as the packets could be rerouted.

Efficient bandwidths as multiple users can share the same channel in one go.

2) Advantage of circuit switching

No need to examine header as the information is forwarded based on time and frequency slots.

As circuit switching is connection oriented so there is no loss of packets.

It is highly used in real time voice communications as circuit switching providing high sampling rates.

3) Packet fragmentation is basically dividing packets into smaller fragments which enable it to be transmitted over the network. Now the fragmentation happens on the basis of MTU (Maximum transmission unit) where if the packet size is greater than allowed MTU then the packet gets broken into smaller fragments.MTU is defined by the largest packet size that could be transmitted over the network.

4) A host is nothing but a device connected in a network which fulfills the purpose of providing information, resources, and applications etc services to other devices in the network.

5) Seven layers of OS model are:

Layer 1 : Physical - This layer is basically all about hardware means of sending data, transmits the bit stream, signal over the network.

Layer 2: Data Link - This is responsible for encoding/decoding data into bits. It is further divided into Media Access Control and Logical Link Control where MAC handles the authentication to data related permission and LLC handles frame synchronization.

Layer 3: Network - This layer is responsible for handling switching and routing of packets with congestion control.

Layer 4: Transport - It basically provide protocols o transfer data over network and responsible for end to end recovery.

Layer 5: Session - this handles the session between applications. It handles the complete conversation like setting up, exchange, terminate.

Layer 6: Presentation - It helps in transforming data in the form that application layer could understand. It helps format data which needs to be sending across network with freedom of compatibility problems.

Layer 7: Application - It provides support for end user processes.

6)

a) Bridge: Works at Data Link Layer

b) Switch: Works upto Network Layer

c) Router: Works upto Network Layer

d) Wireless Access Point: Works upto Data Link Layer

7) It the process of combining multiple analog or digital signals into one and share over a medium. The main significance is to have a scarce resource.

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