Give me a simple example for each of these subjects. 1.Design for Moore\'s Law 2

Question

Give me a simple example for each of these subjects.   

1.Design for Moore's Law

2. Use Abstraction to Simplify Design

3. Make the common case fast

4. Performance via parallelism

5. Performance via pipelining

6. Performance via prediction

Following the saying that it can be better to ask for forgiveness than to ask for permission, the next great idea is prediction. In some cases it can be faster on average to guess and start working rather than wait until you know for sure, assuming that the mechanism to recover from a misprediction is not too expensive and your prediction is relatively accurate. We use the fortune-teller's crystal ball as our prediction icon.

7. Hierarchy of memories

8. Dependability via redundancy

Explanation / Answer

1. Moore’s law

The example for the design for Moore’s law:

Firstly let us know what the Moore’s Law is? The Moore’s Law says that the number of transistors on an affordable CPU would double about every 18 month's but more transistors is more accurate according to the prediction of Moore.

The contribution of Moore's Law has given rise to the reduction in the robust structure of devices to handy gadgets over these decades.Now let take the example that Moore's Law means ever-more powerful personal computers for less and less money . For example In 1990’s we were having Computer which cannot be moved from one place to another and neither have too much storage capacity with superfast speed but now we have such type of system like Laptop, Tablet, Mobiles which are user friendly as well as handy. We can easily carry mobiles, tablet, laptop with us. They have very fast speed with lots of features. A personal computer that cost $3,000 in 1990, $1,500 in 1992, and $750 in 1994 would now cost about $5. - The answer is that Moore's Law effectively means that approximately every two years personal computers and other electronic devices can do twice as many new, innovative, and unexpected things than before

Moore's Law makes it virtually certain that two or four or six or more years from now, we'll be doing more things we didn't expect to do with electronic devices. Some of those things will be absolutely new, without any traditional precedents .New things. New opportunities. New competitors. Old companies evolving or dying. New companies rising.

2. Use Abstraction to Simplify Design:

Computer scientists use abstraction to understand and solve problems, such as organizing data to be stored in a database. Abstraction is a technique for arranging complexity of computer systems. It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level. The programmer works with an idealized interface (usually well defined) and can add additional levels of functionality that would otherwise be too complex to handle.

For example, a programmer writing code that involves numerical operations may not be interested in the way numbers are represented in the underlying hardware (e.g. whether they're 16 bit or 32 bit integers), and where those details have been suppressed it can be said that they were abstracted away, leaving simply numbers with which the programmer can work. In addition, a task of sending an email message across continents would be extremely complex if the programmer had to start with a piece of fiber optic cable and basic hardware components. By using layers of complexity that have been created to abstract away the physical cables and network layout, and presenting the programmer with a virtual data channel, this task is manageable.

3. Make the common case fast

It is used in making a design trade-off, favor the frequent case over the infrequent case. It is a principle that can also be applied when determining how to spend resources, since the impact on making some occurrence faster is higher if the occurrence is frequent. It Improves the frequent occurrence of the hardware part.

For example: Overflow in addition is infrequent, favor optimizing the case when no overflow occurs.

another example is of Elevator. The elevator used in the buildings expresses the idea of performing the things faster that is basically used to simplify a design and to invent a technology that is very rarely crashes and that is more productive one

4. Performance via parallelism

All the operations that is performed in parallel for making designs in the computer architects uses the concept of performance via parallelism . For example Suspension bridge cables resemble the performance via parallelism idea because each cable holds part of the total weight of the bridge. So it is similar to multiple processes performing work at same time.

5. Performance via pipelining

In computers, a pipeline is the continuous and somewhat overlapped movement of instruction to the processor or in the arithmetic steps taken by the processor to perform an instruction. Pipelining is the use of a pipeline.

For example, Assembly lines in automobile manufacturing use the idea of pipelining because in this when the first activity of the instruction is executed it executes second activity and when the second activity of the instruction is executed it executes third activity and so on

The pipeline icon is a sequence of pipes, with each section representing one stage of the pipeline.

6. Performance via prediction:

Example: The Aircraft and the Marine Navigation systems that incorporate information about the wind, and which is similar to the idea of performance via prediction because here the processor has no idea of fetching the next instruction until the condition is tested.

7. Hierarchy of memories

Example :Library reserve desk, Student record file, Hotel record list.

here we are taking the example of Library reserve desk. Hierarchy of memories is implemented on the basis of a very idea named Library reserve desk.In this if the data in the memory is lost it can be recovered by using redundant memories such as cache memory, RAM, storage devices and so on

8. Dependability via redundancy

Example:The idea of adding electromagnetic, aircraft catapults that allows in the increase of generating the power offered by the new reactor technology. It is similar to the idea of dependability that is achieved by relying to some technology in order to increase the power of a certain tool

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