Term paper Object-oriented (OO) technology in software design and implementation

Question

Term paper

Object-oriented (OO) technology in software design and implementation has gained popularity for cost reduction and quality improvement. Research the concept of OO. In 10 pages (double spaced, 12 point Times Roman font with 1 inch margins), explain the evolution of OO, how it differs from procedural programming, why it is more cost effective and how it can improve software quality.

Be sure to locate at least 6 sources to reference. Cite your sources.

In writing a term paper, you are expected to do the following:

1.     Research material relevant to the topic.

2.     Present findings in original prose.

3.     Comment on your research.

4.     Write well (grammar)

Explanation / Answer

* Object-oriented technology (OOT) is a software design model in which objects contain both data and the instructions that work on the data. It is increasingly deployed in distributed computing.

Terminology invoking "objects" and "oriented" in the modern sense of object-oriented programming made its first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the environment of the artificial intelligence group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items (LISP atoms) with properties (attributes).

Object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming methodology in the early and mid 1990s when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available.

These included Visual FoxPro 3.0,C++, and Delphi. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of graphical user interfaces, which rely heavily upon object-oriented programming techniques. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the Cocoa frameworks on Mac OS X, written in Objective-C, an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of event-driven programming (although this concept is not limited to OOP).

* Cost reduction in object oriented technology :-

Object oriented technologies greatly influence software development and maintenance through faster development, cost saving and quality improvement and thus has become a

major trend for methods of modern software development and system modeling [15]. Class, object, method, message, instance variable, and inheritance are the basic concept of the object-oriented technology . Object oriented metrics are mainly measures of how these constructs are used in

designed process. Classes and methods are the basic constructs for object-oriented technology. The amount of function provided byobject-oriented software can be estimated based on the number of identified classes and metrics or its variables.Improving the quality and reducing the cost of products are fundamental objective of any

engineering discipline. In the context of software as the productivity and quality are largely determined by the process to satisfy the engineering objectives of quality improvement
and cost reduction, the software must be improved. Cost factor is the crucial aspects of project planning and managing. Cost overrun can cause customers to cancel the project and cost underestimate can force a project team to invest much of its time.

* Difference between object-oriented programming and procedural programming:-

These two approaches are the result of software development evolution over many decades. Since the invention of computer, many approaches and methods have been tried to write a program. It includes methods like a) Top-Down programming b) Bottom-Up programming c) Modular programming d) Structured programming etc. The basic purpose or the basic aim of all these methods were same -"to make programming efficient "-to make the process of writing a complex program less harder, bug free, easily understandable, easily expandable/modifiable etc.

In simple words, difference between POP and OOP can be explained like this:- A programmer can handle the task of developing a moderately complex program fairly well enough with POP method. When the program gets even more complex or is of a highly complex type; it would be difficult to write it efficiently using POP method. The whole task of programming would get harder, will take more time, more bugs, more time for debugging etc. In such a case OOP method proves to be much more efficient than POP method. A highly complex program can be developed much efficiently using OOP method. I hope you got a general idea of the difference between both! There is no rule that one should use a particular method to develop a program. Its upto the discretion of the programmer. However in the software development industry, they all follow OOP method as it facilitates collaborative working. The main reason is code reusability. A particular piece of code developed by one programmer can be reused any number of times by any number of other programmers. This makes software development much faster and efficient.

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