hi need help with this question, ignore the circles (f) Indicate what protocol t

Question

hi need help with this question, ignore the circles

(f) Indicate what protocol the following attributes are used to describe, connection oriented protocols (e.g. TCP) or Connectionless protocols (e.g. UDP).Circle your answers. Brake the message into fragments (TCP UDP) Once connection is established no fragment routing occurs TcP, UDP) Ensure that all fragments are processed in original order (TcP, UDP) Used for applications communicating through large messages cp UDP) Each message is routed independently (TCP, UDP) bot Used when messages are smaller than the max. fragment size (TCP UDP) Order of arrival is not important a single fragment is sent (TCP, UDP nhlem regarding Tcp sliding window flow control.

Explanation / Answer

1. TCP protocol breaks the messages into fragments when packet size exceeds a certain maximum value ,it is split into two or more fragments . It can be clearly explained as follows :

The IP layer injects a packet into the datalink layer and hopes for the best.

Each layer imposes some maximum size of packets ,due to various reasons

Suppose a large packet travels through a network whose MTU is samll,fragmentation is required. Each fragment is transmitted as separate packet.

On the other hand ,An UDP application may wish to avoid fragmentation, because when the size of the resulting datagram exceeds the link's MTU, the IP datagram is split across multiple IP packets, which can lead to performance issues because if any fragment is lost, the entire datagram is lost.

2.

3.TCP ensures all packets are processed in same original order .It happens as follows:

When an IP packet is sent by the source, it places a unique value in the identification field.

The IP packet is received at the router. The IP router notes that the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the network onto which the packet is to be forwarded is smaller than the size of the IP packet.

IP divides the original IP payload into fragments that fit on the next network. Each fragment is sent with its own IP header that contains:
The original identification field identifying all fragments that belong together.

The more fragments flag indicating that other fragments follow. The more fragments flag is not set on the last fragment, because no other fragments follow it.

The fragments offset field indicating the position of the fragment relative to the original IP payload.
When the fragments are received by IP at the remote host, they are identified by the identification field as belonging together. The fragments offset field is then used to reassemble the fragments into the original IP payload.

4. TCP is better for sending large amount of data. Reason is a UDP datagram is limited to 1500 bytes, so a message larger than that is split into smaller sections – or fragmented – and these fragments may arrive out of order or be lost entirely as the UDP protocol does not acknowledge or retry packets and on the other hand TCP splits messages into packets and ensures original order of packets . See the explanation for 3rd question for more detailed explanation

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