11. How can you get more information from the same amount of data by using a dat
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11. How can you get more information from the same amount of data by using a database approach instead of a nondatabase approach? 12. What is meant by the sharing of data? 13. What is a DBA? What kinds of responsibilities does a DBA have in a database environment? 14. How does consistency result from controlling redundancy? 15. What is an integrity constraint? When does a database have integrity? 16. What is security? How does a DBMS provide security? 17. What is data independence? Why is it desirable? 18. How is file size a disadvantage in a database environment? 19. How can the complexity of a DBMS be a disadvantage? 20. Why can a failure in a database environment be more serious than an error in a nondatabase environment? 21. Why might recovery of data be more difficult in a database environment? 22. If a database is not maintained or if incorrect data is entered into the database, serious problems can occur. What problems could occur if a student database is not maintained? 23. An attribute is a characteristic or property of an entity. If person is an entity, would the same attributes be used to describe a person in different databases that store medical, student, and fitness club data? Why or why not?Explanation / Answer
11. It is possible to get more information from the same amount of data by using a database approach as opposed to a nondatabase approach because all data is stored in a single database, instead of being stored in dozens of separate files, making the process of obtaining information quicker, easier, and even possible in certain situations.
12. Sharing of data means that several users can have access to the same piece of data and use it in a variety of ways.
13. Database Administration (DBA) is the central person or group in an organization in charge of the database and the DBMS that runs the database. DBA attempts to balance the needs of individuals and the overall needs of the organization.
14. Multiple copies of the same data in an organization leads to inconsistency because each piece of data can havedifferent values. Controlling redundancy is the result of eliminating, or at least reducing, the multiple copies.Improved consistency is the result of this controlled redundancy.
15. An integrity constraint is a rule that must be followed by data in the database. A database has integrity if thedata in it satisfies all established integrity constraints. A good DBMS should provide an opportunity for usersto incorporate these integrity constraints when they design the database. The DBMS then should ensure thatthese constraints are not violated.
16. Security is the prevention of access to the database by unauthorized users. A DBMS provides security featuressuch as passwords. As additional security, the DBA can assign users to groups and restrict each group to certaindata and to certain types of access.
17. Data independence is the property that lets you change the structure of a database without requiring you to change the programs that access the database. With data independence, you easily can change the structure of the database when the need arises.
18. In a database environment, file size is a disadvantage because the DBMS is a large program that occupies a great amount of disk space and internal memory. Also, because all the data that the database manages for you is stored in one file, the database file itself requires a large amount of disk space and internal memory.
19. The more complex a product is in general (and a DBMS, in particular, is complex), the more difficult it is tounderstand and correctly apply its features. As a result of this complexity, serious problems may result frommistakes made by users and designers of the DBMS.
20. In a nondatabase environment, each user has a completely separate system; the failure of any single user system does not necessarily affect any other user. On the other hand, if several users are sharing the same database, a failure on the part of any one user that damages the database in some way might affect all the other users.
21. The great complexity of a database structure makes recovery more difficult. In addition, many users update thedata at the same time, which means that recovering the database involves not only restoring it to the last statein which it was known to be correct, but also performing the complex task of redoing all the updates madesince that time.
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