1. What is TCP/IP architecture? What is PDU and how does the model (TCP/IP) use

Question

1. What is TCP/IP architecture? What is PDU and how does the model (TCP/IP) use PDU? 2. Compare the individual fields of the IPv4 header with the IPv6 header. Account for the functionality provided by each IPv4 field by showing how the same functionality is provided in IPv6 3. Provide the following parameter values for each of the network classes A, B, and C a. Number of bits in network portion of address b. Number of bits in host portion of address c Number of district networks allowed d Number of distinct hosts per network allowed e. Integer range of first octet 4. What is CSMA/CD? and explain one of the protocol that can be used with CSMA. s. Select one of the LAN topologies and explain its operation in details 6. Consider a baseband bus with a number of equally spaced stations with a data rate of 10 Mbps and a bus length of 1 km a. What the mean time send a frame of 1000 bits to another station, measured from the beginning of transmission to the end of reception? Assume a propagation speed of 200 m/micro second

Explanation / Answer

Solution:

Note: The first question is done as per Chegg guidelines, please repost others.

The OSI model describes an idealized network communications protocol family. TCP/IP does not correspond to this model directly, as it either combines several OSI layers into a single layer, or does not use certain layers at all.

TCP contains inly five layers in which Application, Presentation and the session layers are combined into one.

Application Layer:

Whenever the access to the network is required application layer protocol handles it.

Presentation Layer:

Data encryption is also performed here, presentation layer with the help of presentation layer protocol ensures that the data is in a usable format.

Session Layer:

Session layer looks into maintaining and establishing connections. Responsible for ports that ensure queries for services.

Transport Layer:

Through transport layer protocol the data is broken into frames and some sequence number is also assigned here for transmission of the data, Also error detection and correction is done here. UDP and SPX protocols work on this layer.

Network Layer:

How the nodes find each other across different network segments is done here, source-destination address, subnets path determination exists at this layer, IP protocol is used in this layer.

Data link Layer:

Data link layer does flow control, frames also exist here. Hardware addressing and topologies are specified here.

Physical Layer:

Transmission of the raw data stream is done here.

We can use the switch to make a better usage of LAN bandwidth.

A protocol data unit (PDU) is an open-system interconnection (OSI) term used in telecommunications that refers to a group of information added or removed by a layer of the OSI model. Each layer in the model uses the PDU to communicate and exchange information, which can only be read by the peer layer on the receiving device and is then handed over to next upper layer after stripping.

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