write 4-6 pages Transport Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are wh
ID: 3706655 • Letter: W
Question
write 4-6 pages
Transport Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are what created the luxury we know as the internet. What is the significance of TCP?
According to your reading material, what was the name of the first computerized network and its origin?
What was its advantages and disadvantages?
What was one of the significant advantages combining TCP/IP as it relates to communication?
Define and explain Process Control Networks
In relation to interfacing, in your own words define and explain LAN, WAN, and VPN.
Explanation / Answer
->what is tcp/ip and its significance?
=>TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (an intranet or an extranet).
The entire internet protocol suite -- a set of rules and procedures -- is commonly referred to as TCP/IP, though others are included in the suite.
TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. TCP/IP requires little central management, and it is designed to make networks reliable, with the ability to recover automatically from the failure of any device on the network.
The two main protocols in the internet protocol suite serve specific functions. TCP defines how applications can create channels of communication across a network. It also manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they are then transmitted over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the destination address.
IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it reaches the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this IP address to determine where to forward the message.
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name of the first computerized network and its origin?
Computer networking as we know it today may be said to have gotten its start with the ARPANET development in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Prior to that time there were computer vendor" networks" designed primarily to connect terminals and remote job entry stations to a mainframe. But the notion of networking between computers viewing each other as equal peers to achieve "resource sharing" was fundamental to the ARPANET design [1]. The other strong emphasis of the ARPANET work was its reliance on the then novel technique of packet switching to efficiently share communication resources among" bursty" users, instead of the more traditional message or circuit switching. Although the term "network architecture" was not yet widely used, the initial ARPANET design did have a definite structure and introduced another key concept: protocol layering, or the idea that the total communications functions could be divided into several layers, each building upon the services of the one below. The original design had three major layers, a network layer, which included the network access and switch-to-switch (IMP-to-IMP) protocols, a host-to-host layer (the Network Control Protocolor NCP), and a "function-oriented protocol" layer, where specific applications such as file transfer, mail, speech, and remote terminal support were provided [2]. Similar ideas were being pursued in several other research projects around the world, including the Cyclades network in France [3], the National Physical Laboratory Network in England [4], and the Ethernet system [5] at Xerox PARC in the USA. Some of these projects focused more heavily on the potential for high-speed local networks such as the early 3-Mbps Ethernet. Satellite and radio channels for mobile users were also a topic of growing interest. By 1973 it was clear to the networking vanguard that another protocol layer needed to be inserted into the protocol hierarchy to accommodate the interconnection of diverse types of individual networks. Cerf and Kahn published their seminal paper describing such a scheme [6], and development of the new Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to jointly replace the NCP began. Similar work was being pursued by other groups meeting in the newly formed IFIP WG 6.1, called the Internetwork Working Group .
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advantages and disadvantages of tcp/ip:-
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tcp/ip Model
Advantages:
It can be used to establish/set up connection b/w different types of computers.
It operates/works independently of the operating system.
It support for a number of routing-protocols.
It enables the internetworking between the organizations.
It has a scalable, client-server architecture.
Disadvantages:
It is complex to set up & manage.
IPX is faster than TCP/IP model.
The shallow/overhead of TCP/IP is higher-than ipx.
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one of the significant advantages combining TCP/IP as it relates to communication:-
A lot of the traffic flowing over networks is still based on TCP/IP. TCP, or Transmission Control Protocol, provides reliable, ordered delivery of packets and is the protocol used by most Web applications, email and file transfers. Unfortunately, TCP has blunt flow-management algorithms: If the network or the receiver can't handle the speed at which the sender is working, as indicated by packet loss, timeouts or an excess of out-of-order packets, the network flow will drop to half that rate. Speeds ramp up again, but more slowly than the first time.
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process control networks:-
Process Control Networks (PCNs) are networks that mostly consist of real-time industrial process control systems (PCSs) used to centrally monitor and (over the local network) control remote or local industrial equipment such as motors, valves, pumps, relays, etc. Process Control Systems are also referred to as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems or Distributed Control Systems (DCS).
A PCN usually consists of the following subsystems: ? A human–machine interface or HMI is the apparatus or device which presents process data to a human operator, and through this, the human operator monitors and controls the process; ? A supervisory (computer) system (Master Terminal Unit or MTU), gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands (control) to the process; ? Remote terminal units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the process, converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory system; ? Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) used as field devices because they are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose RTUs; ? Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system (MTU) to the remote terminal units; and ? Various process and analytical instrumentation. The user has access to the Human Machine Interface. That interface is connected to the Master Terminal Unit. The MTU is the heart of the PCN and controls the Remote Terminal Units. Those Remote Terminal Units can monitor and control the Programmable Logic Controllers. These PLCs will be connected to various sensors and actuators.
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LAN:
A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and other devices in a relatively small area, typically a single building or a group of buildings.
Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers and enable users to access data and devices (e.g., printers and modems) anywhere on the network. Users can also use the LAN to communicate with each other, by sending e-mail or engaging in chat sessions.
LANs can be characterized by their topology, protocols and media. Topology is the geometric arrangement of devices on the network. For example, devices can be arranged in a ring or in a straight line. Protocols are the rules and encoding specifications for sending data. They also determine whether the network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture. The most common type of LAN is Ethernet. Media is what is used to connect the devices, i.e., twisted-pair copper wire, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables or radio waves.
LANs are capable of transmitting data at very fast rates, much faster than data can be transmitted over a telephone line because of their short distances and the fact that they do not have to rely on copper wire media (with its limited capacity). However, the distances are limited, and there is also a limit on the number of computers that can be attached to a single LAN.
Computers on a smaller LAN typically share the resources of a single server, which provides application programs and data storage. Users who need an application can download it once and then run it from their local hard disk drive (HDD). They can order printing and other services as needed through applications that run on the LAN server.
A local area network may serve as few as one or two users (for example, in a home network) or as many as thousands of users (for example, in a large company).
LANs can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN).
WAN:
A computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area. Typically, a WAN consists of two or more local-area networks (LANs).
Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
VPN:-
A virtual private network (VPN) is a private network that is built over a public infrastructure. Security mechanisms, such as encryption, allow VPN users to securely access a network from different locations via a public telecommunications network, most frequently the Internet.
In some cases, virtual area network (VAN) is a VPN synonym.
PN data security remains constant through encrypted data and tunneling protocols. The key VPN advantage is that it is less expensive than a private wide area network (WAN) buildout. As with any network, an organization's goal is to provide cost-effective business communication.
In a remote-access VPN, an organization uses an outside enterprise service provider (ESP) to establish a network access server (NAS). Remote users then receive VPN desktop software and connect to the NAS via a toll-free number, which accesses the organization's network. In a site-to-site VPN, many sites use secure data encryption to connect over a network (usually the Internet).
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