Question 1. An ISP has a block of addresses with the starting address 223.1.17.0

Question

Question 1. An ISP has a block of addresses with the starting address 223.1.17.0/24. This ISP has to assign IP addresses to four small ISPs in subblocks such as:

a) one subblock of 127 addresses,

b) one subblock of 31 addresses,

c) one subblock of 16 addresses and

d) one subblock of 3 addresses Provide the first and last IP addresses for each of the above subblock. Briefly explain each of your answer.

Question 2. a) Why did the Internet need the IP protocol? b) What is fragmentation? Why is it needed?

Question 3. (i). What should be the flag value to indicate the last fragment?

(ii). If the value in protocol field is 17, which transport layer protocol is used?

(iii).Which field OF datagram helps to check rearrangement of the fragments?

(iv). The TTL field has value 10. How many routers (max) can process this datagram?

Question 4. Create the shortest path tree and the forwarding table for node B in the following figure.

Explanation / Answer

2....

a....

IP addresses are the numbers that enable our computers, servers, telephones, cameras, printers and sensors to communicate with each other. Without IP addresses, we would have to copy data from device to device manually, using CDs, DVDs, hard disks or flash storage, such as a USB drive. But more importantly, our devices could not send data to each other without human intervention. Without the IP addresses assigned to our computers, we would have to send paper letters and memos instead of sending emails. There would be no streaming video sites. Instead, we would have to send each other discs and tapes. Worst of all, we would not be able to order items online and would have to go to stores to buy them in person. It would be horrific, like the 1970s all over again.

b....

In some operating system's file systems, a data file over a certain size is stored in several "chunks" or fragments rather than in a single contiguous sequence of bits in one place on the storage medium, a process that is called fragmentation. This allows small unused sections of storage (for example, where old data has been deleted) to be reused. In the Windows 95 system, for example, files are fragmented and the location of the fragments for each file is kept in a file allocation table (FAT).

Fragmentation is when a datagram has to be broken up into smaller datagrams to fit the frame
size of a certain network. Different networks have different MTUs (maximum transfer unit), when a
datagram enters a network with a smaller MTU the gateway/router needs to fragment this packet
into smaller packets that fit the new MTU.

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