Answer the following questions in your textbook. Show your work. (22 pts) The fo

Question

Answer the following questions in your textbook. Show your work. (22 pts) The followings are some of the essential terms in Chapter 2 of your textbook. Explain each term in a few sentences in your own words. If appropriate, you may write a formula, list the types, give an example, etc. 1. Instruction Set Architecture Typical instruction classes with examples (5 pts) Operand types with examples (3 pts) Instruction formats with examples (3 pts) Addressing Modes with examples (5 pts) Big endian and little endian Sign extension and zero-extension with examples

Explanation / Answer

Instruction Set Architecture-

                                       Instruction Set Architecture, it is a unit of processor that was visible to the programmer or compiler writer.It act as fence between the hardware and software. It can easily handled by machine languag programmer.

Typical Instruction Classes:

                          The machine architecture for processor is built from group of staments or instructions.The types of instruction are mentioned below.

1. Data handling and memory operation.

                       These instructions will mainly use registers for arithmetic calculation, addressing of values, flow of control functions.

Example : Load and store operation

LDR STR   Word

LDRB STRB Byte

LDRH STRH Halfword

Arithmatic and Logical operations

                     Applicable for Add, multiply, subtract or divide the values in different registers and storing the result over another register. Also it uses conditional statments in this instructions(increment, decrement in some ISA)

Example : Bitwise Operation, utilizing the conjunction or disjunction of two registers, else compare two values(less or greater than)

Control Flow Operation:

             These instruction are used mostly while branching, to change the flow of the data.

Example : Branch, ConditionallyBranch, IndirectlyBranch, Call.

Coprocessor Instructions:

                  These instructions are used to perform coprocessor operations

Types of Operands.

Registers : Operands that are come from register that resides in the CPU

Immediate Operands : Plain constants that are mingled in instruction flow

Direct Operands : These are the operand which was stored in memory. It will command the CPU where to retrieve the data from memory

Indirect Operands : Made of two parts , memory location that holds the address for the operands(firsr part) and Actual data(second part)

                            example : mov ax, WORD PTR[bx]

Implied Operands : Unlike the other operands it will not explicitly utilized in instruction, but used implicitly

                          example : %ecx for loop instruction

Instruction formats:

                             Instuction format defines a layout any instruction, it must include opcode and operand(explicitly or implicitly)

1. Zero Address instruction : Opcode    ex. ADD

2. One Address Instruction : Opcode Address         ex. PUSH X

3. Two Address Instruction : OPcode Address1 Address2      ex. MOV R1 R2

4. Three Address Instruction : Opcode Address1 Address2 Address3      ex. ADD R1 R2 R3

Addressing Modes :

                     There are lot of addressing modes available in computer architecture each has its own property ad application.

1. Immediate

2. Direct

3. Indirect

4. Register

5. Register Indirect

6. Displacement

7. Stack

Big endian:

          Endianess refers to logical arrangement in which bytes are arranged in large numerical values, it can be stored either in computer memory or any external storage.

In big endian format, the byte that containg the most signifcant bit are stored first, the remaining bytes are stored following the earlier one, ie it was stored in decreasing order so the the byte containing least significant bit are stored last.

Little Endian : Here it is revers of the Big endian format the sequence with least significant bit stored first and the byte with most significant bit stored last. It just increasing order.

sign extension :

               It is a process in computer arithmatics, increasing the number of bits for a binary number and saving the numbers sign (either positive or negative). It can be achived by adding digits to most significant side , tailing a procedure that relies on signed number extension.

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