Problem Description Hospital managers are concerned not only with managing the f

Question

Problem Description Hospital managers are concerned not only with managing the flow of the inpatients and outpatients at a hospital, but also with managing the personnel, equipments, operating hours, etc. Very often managers have to decide about hiring new personnel, setting operating hours that do not conflict with the schedule of the surgeon, buying new equipments, replacing or buying beds, etc. A survey is conducted every year in order to get feedback from the patients coming to the Outdoor Patient Division (OPD). The survey captures the following: the time a patient enters the hospital, the time the patient leaves the hospital, the departments that were visited, and the services that were provided to the patient. The survey is conducted on pre-defined days of the week and pre-defined seasons of the year. The data collected from this survey is stored in a database. The managers need help in building a decision support system that would analyze the data and provide recommendations about improving the service offered. The management is mainly concerned with the following: (a) deciding how many doctors and nurses to hire, (b) setting operating hours that do not conflict with surgeons and patients schedules, (c) deciding how much and what equipment to buy; (d) deciding about buying extra beds or replacing existing ones, etc. Database Design We present below the main entity types of this database. For each entity type, we provide some of the corresponding attributes. Use this information in order to: (a) Build an Enhanced E-R diagram; (b) Transform the Enhanced E-R diagram to a relational database. Identify the primary key(s) and the foreign key(s) for each relation. Draw the relational integrality constraints; (c) For each of the relations created, indicate its normal form. If the relation is not in the 3NF, decompose it into 3NF relations.

1. Doctor: The main attributes are social security number, name, address, area of specialty, annual salary, etc.

2. Nurse: The main attributes are social security number, name, address, area of specialty, annual salary, etc.

3. Patients: The main attributes are social security number, name, address, gender, birthday, etc.

4. Department: The main attributes are name, address, descriptions, etc. A department may have sub-divisions within. Each sub-section has its own name and address.

5. Equipment: The main attributes are identification number, name, purchase price, purchase date, description of its functionalities, etc.

6. Room: The main attributes are room number, address, capacity, description of room functionalities, etc. The rooms of the hospital are classified into: doctor offices, waiting areas, surgery rooms, equipment rooms, and wards. There are different ward types. Wards of the same type have the same number of beds. The equipment rooms are equipped with different types of equipment, etc

7. Survey: The main attributes are identification number, in-time, out-time, etc. This entity type presents the information about each OPD survey collected by the hospital.

Note that when a patient visits a doctor, the following information is recorded: visit date, patients symptoms, and description of doctor recommendations. Doctors and nurses consult with patients during their working hours.

Explanation / Answer

Outpatient Management:

The Outpatient module serves as an entry point to schedule an appointment with the Hospital Resident Doctor or Consultant Doctor for Medical Consultations and diagnosis. This module supports doctors to take better and timely consultation decisions by providing instant access to comprehensive patient information. Patient visits are divided into New, Follow-upand Review. This module also handles requests and results of laboratory tests and other examinations. External Doctors visit to in patients can be defined as "Call on". Some patients may avail only the hospital facilities like Lab, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, and Physiotherapy and so on.
1. Medical Alerts Details
2. Consultation Duty Roster
3. Diagnosis Details
4. Triage Parameters
5. Patient’s Appointments
6. Daily / Weekly Schedule Summary
7. Appointment Scheduling / Rescheduling Facility
8. Outpatient Medical Observation Details
9. Investigation / Treatment History
10. Clinical Service Details
11. Group / Package Registration Facility
12. Common Billing Clinical Services
13. Doctor’s Diagnosis Statistics Furthermore, Confidentiality of Doctors Observation, Previous History of Patients Visit, Online Prescription, Online Request for Investigations and so on, are the special features in Doctors Observation screen. This system calculates the cost for the services rendered to the patient and reflects in the billing module appropriately resulting in smooth billing process. Inpatient Management: The inpatient module is designed to take care of all the activities and functions pertaining to Inpatient Management. This module automates the day-to-day administrative actives and provides instant access to other modules, which leads to a better patient care. It provides comprehensive data pertaining to Admission of Patients & Ward Management: Availability of beds, Estimation, Agreement preparation, Collection of advance, Planned admission, Emergency admission and so on. The Inpatient module also deals with Ward Management: Shifting from one ward to the other, Bed availability, Surgery, Administration of drugs, nursing notes, charge slip and so on.
1. Admission Cost Estimation
5. Nursing Notes
6. IP Medical Observation
8. Surgery Scheduling Details
9. Discharge Notification
2. Admission Approval
3. Admission Request
4. Doctor Transfer Details
7. Pending Drug Request Summary
10. Expected Date and Time of Discharge
The module tracks every visit made by the patient and caters to follow-up visits of patients, along with multiple appointments.

Its better! When the first Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) hit the market, the promise of greater efficiency was met by the reality of poor integration. The same could be said about the introduction of evidence-based medicine solutions into the healthcare system. The current method of enforcing evidence-based medicine through utilization management (UM) is generally inefficient because it does not fit well into existing workflows. Much like the people who carried 4 devices to maintain all their PDA connectivity; now providers have to integrate UM into their practice management software and provide information in different ways for different health plans through different portals.

The good news for the PDA is that now nearly all of those useful devices have been integrated into one sleek device that can fit in a shirt pocket and synchronize with a desktop, tablet, or laptop with a push of a button or automatically for those with Apple

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