5-years old girl was diagnose with a brain tumor. Early symptoms had include fal

Question

5-years old girl was diagnose with a brain tumor. Early symptoms had include false sensations of smell. Explain how and why might this have occurred?

3-years old boy develop sinusitis from his original rhinitis, which later converts into a severe pharyngitis and laryngitis. Explain what may happen if his otitis continue untreated?

Why do the eyes in some flash photographs appear to be red?

Case Study:

42-years male patient experienced of episodes of vertigo and he was refer to neurologist. He was diagnose with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). He reported to doctor that his vertigo occurs when rolling over the bed, or when turn his head side to side in sitting position, which provokes sensation of spinning of the room and later nausea. Doctor confirm the BPPV by using a very special test called Dix-Hallpike maneuver. During the test neurologist was monitoring for nystagmus as he makes specific rotational changes to patient’s head position.

Questions:

1.   Which are the three major ear areas involved in his BPPV?

2.   Explain which mechanism(s) is/are a likely explanation for this patient’s condition?

3.   What are the three main sources of sensory input that the body use to control balance and equilibrium?

4.   Explain why nystagmus is associated with the Dix-Hallpike maneuver?

Explanation / Answer

1.

Ear is divided into three major area

external ear

middle ear

internal ear

The portion of the internal ear, or labyrinth, associated with balance and equilibrium is the part of the ear affected in his BPPV..

3 .The three main sources are

the vestibular apparatus of the ear

visual input

input for the proprioceptors of the skin, muscles, and joints.

4.

Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary eye movement, acquired in infancy or later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision.

The added mass of the displaced otoliths drags on a cupula of a semicircular canal when the head is rotated during the Dix-Hallpike manoeuver.

The otoliths may stick to the gelatinous cupula, or move through the canals during head movement and drift against the cupula like snow. In both cases, the bending of the cupula is prolonged and vertigo persists. As a result, vestibular nystagmus is observed when it would ordinarily be absent.

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