i. happen to the neurotransmiter release?ere isarel If potassium channels are bl
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i. happen to the neurotransmiter release?ere isarel If potassium channels are blocked in the pre-synaptic neuron, what do you expect would t h Kate has been experimenting with eating wild berries found in the woods near her home. Unfortunately, one type of berry that she has ingested specifically blocks the voltage gated Ca2 channels on the neuron. What is the resulting effect on the neurotransmitter 3. Jenny mistakenly drinks an unknown liquid that increases duration st GABA availat ting in the synaptic cleft between a pre- to post-synaptic neuron. Describe the resul change in action potential of the post-synaptic neuron and why? th 4. What type of sensory neuron can transduce (or detect) very light touch? 5. What type of sensory neuron is unmyelinated, involved in dull pain and highly sensitive to very diverse environmental stimuli? Where part of the brain does the ofactory nerve project to?v The (afferent/efferent) neurons send signals to the central nervous system (CNS) while the (afferentlefferent) beurons send signals to the target muscle for a reflex. 7. 8. Will the person depicted here be able to have a reflex? Why? Sensco Yes bec au Se 1he Sendi ot gl o1 a motor he N ? 5Explanation / Answer
1.Let us seewhat is pre synaptic neuron and how it gets influenced by potassium ions:-presynaptic neuron is a neuron from the axon terminal of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft to the cell body or one or more dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter.
All cellular membranes are electrically charged due to the concentration of ions present in the extracellular and intracellular space. For neurons, sodium ions (Na+) and chlorine ions (Cl+) exists in large quantities in the extracellular space while the intracellular space contains many potassium ions (K+) and other organic anions (A+). The cell membrane contains ion channels that regulate the passing of these various ions between the inside and outside of the cell. When the cell is at the resting potential (-70mV), the intracellular space is more negative relative to the extracellular space and the voltage-dependent Na+ and K+ channels are closed (see picture below).
The entry of positively charged ions into the cell reduces the membrane potential to an extent that causes the inside to become positive. The depolarization caused by the entry of Na+ causes the K+ channels to open and the force of diffusion drives K+ out of the cell. In about 1 millisecond, the membrane potential reaches +40mV because of the Na+ entering the cell. At this point, the Na+ channels become blocked (refractory) and Na+ cannot enter the cell anymore. But the K+ channels remain open and are continually pumping K+ out of the cell. The outflow of K+ helps to bring the membrane potential back to its resting value. Once the resting potential is reached, the K+ channels close.
Once the membrane potential reaches +40mV, the Na+ channels become blocked and Na+ cannot enter the cell anymore. But the K+ channels remain open and continually pump K+ out of the cell. The outflow of K+ helps to bring the membrane potential back to its resting value. Once the resting potential is reached, the K+ channels close. As you can see from picture below, the membrane actually overshoots the resting potential (hyperpolarization) and there is an excess of K+ outside of the membrane. The resting potential returns to -70mV as the excess K+ diffuses away (repolarization).
2.when kate has eaten a berry thatblocks ca2+channels the result is asfollows:
The . Ca2+cnnot bind with the membrane of the synaptic vesicles, which causes the vesicles to break and release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
Because . When the action potential reaches the terminal buttons, the depolarization causes voltage-dependent calcium (Ca2+) channels on the presynaptic membrane to open and allows Ca2+ to enter into the cell.
4. Any sensory ending in the skin can give rise to pain, and the free nerve endings are most sensitive to painful stimuli
Free nerve endings in the skin, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and sensory endings attached to the hairs all are capable of detecting light touch and pressure.
5.The C group fibers are unmyelinated and have a small diameter and low conduction velocity. They include postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and nerve fibers at the dorsal roots (IV fiber). These fibers carry sensory information.
6.Theolfactory nere sensory fibers extend through the ethmoid bone's cribriform plate, a part of the skull located behind the nose.
Olfactory bulb is the structure located in the forebrain of vertebrates that receives neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity. The axons of olfactory receptor (smell receptor) cells extend directly into the highly organized olfactory bulb, where information about odours is processed.
7.Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory singnals to the central nervous system and brain, while efferent neurons are motor neurons that send neural impulses away from the central nervous systme and towards muscles to cause movement.
8.yes because the Reflexes are ultimately responsible for the action of our muscles and, so, govern the way we move. Reflexes are actions that occur before the brain is aware of what is happening.
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