Assignment: Make/draw a Concept Map over Pulmonary Disorders. Instructions: This

Question

Assignment: Make/draw a Concept Map over Pulmonary Disorders.

Instructions: This assignment is associated with Pulmonary disorders. The topic is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. Make sure to construct the concept map from the point of view of how it affects respiration, gas exchange, blood pressure, pulmonary circulation.

Make/draw a diagram with the main topic of "Pulmonary Disorders" somewhere in the middle, and around that and leading to the main topic are the related keywords. These keywords should be grouped together in smaller groups around the main topic according to their type (i.e., causes of the disease, symptoms, ways to diagnosis it, or treatments). And then any connections among the keywords can also be shown with lines. The most important thing is to include those keywords somewhere on the page.

Explanation / Answer

Answer:

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Abstract: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is pulmonary disorders, it is a rare immune system disorder that affects the lungs. Also called allergic alveolitis, bagpipe lung, or extrinsic allergic alveolitis. In which the inflammation of the alveoli within the lung caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled organic dust. Sufferers are commonly exposed to the dust by their occupation or hobbies.

(Keywords: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Pathophysiology, Effects on respiration, Effects on gas exchange)

The term hypersensitivity pneumonitis (also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis) refers to a group of lung diseases in which your lungs become inflamed as an allergic reaction resulting from exposure to dust of animal and vegetable origin. The name “extrinsic allergic alveolitis”, although complicated, describes the origin and the nature of these diseases.

Causes

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is caused by repeated exposure to environmental substances that cause inflammation in the lungs when inhaled. These substances include certain:

Bacteria and mycobacteria, Fungi or molds, Proteins, Chemicals,

Symptoms

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is categorized as acute, subacute, and chronic based on the duration of the illness

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is based upon a history of symptoms after exposure to the allergen and clinical tests. A physician may take blood tests, seeking signs of inflammation, a chest X-ray, and lung function tests. The sufferer shows a restrictive loss of lung function.

·       Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to collect fluid from your lungs that can be tested for high levels of white blood cells and other immune cells.

·       Computed tomography (CT) to image the lungs and look for inflammation or damage such as fibrosis.

·       Precipitin tests to see if you have antibodies in your blood that recognize and bind to a causative substance.

Treatment

Treatments for hypersensitivity pneumonitis usually include avoidance strategies and medicines. Occasionally, lung transplants are used to treat severe chronic disease in some patients.

Avoidance strategies

·       Remove the causative substance if possible

·       Replace workplace or other products with available alternatives that do not contain the substance responsible for your condition

·       Alter work processes so you don’t continue to breathe in the causative substance

·       Stay away from known sources of your causative substance

Medicines

·       Oxygen therapy as needed for low levels of oxygen in the blood.

·       Bronchodilators to relax the muscles in the airways and open your airways to make breathing easier.

·       Opioids to control shortness of a breath or a chronic cough that is resistant to other treatments. Regular (e.g. several times a day, for several weeks or more) or longer use of opioids can lead to physical dependence and possibly addiction.

Pathophysiology

The patient was afebrile with a pulse rate of 100 beats/minute, a blood pressure 140/76 mmHg and a respiratory rate of 25/min. The general physical examination did not reveal any digital clubbing, peripheral edema or cyanosis. Oxygen saturation was 85% by pulse oximetry at room air.

Effects on respiration

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, formerly called extrinsic allergic alveolitis, happens when your lungs develop an immune response – hypersensitivity - to something you breathe in which results in inflammation of the lung tissue - pneumonitis.

One example is farmer’s lung. This is caused by breathing in the mold that grows on hay, straw, and grain. Another is bird fancier’s lung, which is caused by breathing in particles from feathers or bird droppings. There are many other substances which can cause similar disease patterns. It can be very difficult to find the exact cause.

Effects on gas exchange

Subsequent re-exposure to antigen yields an inflammatory response in lung parenchyma, specifically in the distal airways and gas exchange units

The net effect is a decrease in gas exchange across the epithelium and a restrictive pulmonary defect impairing gas exchange.

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