52-55 key a. Urea b. Gloerulonephritis c. Ptosis d. Urochrome e. Ketonuria 52. A

Question

52-55 key a. Urea b. Gloerulonephritis c. Ptosis d. Urochrome e. Ketonuria 52. A result of to much fat in one's urine 53. The dropping of the kidneys 54. The most abundant nitrogenous waste 55.Inflammation of the glomerulus 56. Respiratory rate per minute averages about b. 12-18 c. 3-8 d. 50-100 57. During normal quiet breathing, about each breath. mL of air moves into and out of the lungs a. 250 b. 500 c. 1000 d. 2000 58. The phase of pulmonary ventilation that moves air outside the lungs is known as a. Breathing b. Inspiration c. Expiration d. Capacity 59. Which sound in the bronchiole tree produce air rushing through the large respiratory passageway (trachea and bronchi) a. Bronchiole sound b. Vesicular sound c. Inspiration d. Expiration

Explanation / Answer

52. A result of too much fat in one's urine - Ketonuria.

Note: Ketones are end products of fatty acid metabolism. There are three types: Acetone, Acetoacetic acid and Hydrooxy Butyric acid. Normally ketones are completely metabolized, but in some diseased cases, when carbohydrates are scarce, body has to use alternate source of energy, fat. Excessive fat catabolism cause by product ketone body to excrete through urine, a condition called as Ketonuria.

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53. The dropping of the kidneys- Ptosis. (renal ptosis)

Note: Renal Ptosis or Nephroptosis is a condition where the kidney(s) drop(s) to pelvic region. The droppings occur when the individual stands up. The proper reason is unknown. But it is believed that the connective tissue (called pararenal fasciae) that hold kidneys in its place may be deformed in those individuals. Nephroptosis generally gives no trouble, but some may experience sharp pain in abdomen area with nausea, proteinuria, hematuria and high blood pressure as symptoms. Laproscopic surgery can treat this issue. Generally women face this problem more than men.

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54. The most abundant nitrogenus waste- Urea.

Note: In our body, metabolism wastages are excrete through urine. Amino acid metabolism produces very toxic ammonia which needs to be cleared quickly from body. Liver converts this ammonia into less toxic urea by reactions called urea cycle and sent it to kidney for excretion. Urea (CO(NH2)2) is the main nitrogenous product in urine. Also small amount of other nitrogenous wastes like uric acids, creatinine and ammonia are also present in urine.

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55. Inflammation of the glomerulus- Glomerulonephritis.

Note: Glomerulonepritis (GN) is the inflammation of glomerulus, the tiny filters of kidney. This disease may cause by itself or as a collateral damage to other disease. There are two form, Acute GN which occurs in short time, may arise by other infections, autoimmune diseases like lupus etc. Chronic GN occurs over a longer period. Generally hematuria, protenria, high blood pressure, are the symptoms. Prolonged GN can cause kidney failure.

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56. Respiration rate per minute averages about- b. 12-18

Note: Respiration rate (rr) is the number of time we breath in and breath out. For an adult it is 12-18 per minute. For children respiration rate increases; like a toddler has rr of 30-40 per min. RR for an adult can change situationwise. During exercise rr may increase, it may decrease during sleep. RR has diagnostic values as abnormal rr may point to several diseases like apnea, dyspnea, Blot's respiration etc.

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57. During normal quiet breating, about - 500 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs each breath.

Note: The amount of volume which is exchange during normal inhalation and exhalation is called Tidal volume in a healthy young adult human. It is noted as TV or VT. TV is significant as during mechanical ventilation (during operation, or if patient is having trouble breathing, air is pumped into lungs), the exact amount of TV is pumped, excess will create lung trauma.

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58. The phase of pulmonary ventilation that moves air outside the lungs is known as c. Expiration.

Note: Expiration or exhalation is the external breathing process where air is pushed out of lung by our respiratory organs. When the air is filled in lungs after inhalation it creates an internal pressure which allows gas exchange. Now during exhalation the internal intercostal muscle constricts and diaphragm expands, which creates pressure on lung and the air saturated with CO2 moves out of our body.

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59. Which sound in the bronchiole tree produce air rushing through the large respiratory passageway (trachea and bronchi)- a. Bronchiole sound.

Note: Bronchiole breath sound is produced by trachea. It is louder, tubular and high pitch sound. It sounds same during inspiration or expiration and has a pause between. This sound has significant role in detecting various problems. Abnormal sound or normal sound heard from abnormal area indicates several underlying problems, like pneumonia. (The other form vesicular sound sounds as lower pitched, rustling with higher intensity during inspiration.)

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