4 Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease, in which the patients immune sy

Question

4 Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease, in which the patients immune system attacks and destroys the cels that form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. What types of symptoms would you expect from such a disease? Why? Would Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes be affected? Explain. 5 The bacterium Clostridium tetani produces a toxin called tetanospasmin, the causative agent of the disease tetanus. The toxin prevents the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS and so blocks the resulting IPSPs they would normally generate. What are some of the functions of inhibitory synapses? Considering this what symptoms would you expect from the disease tetanus, and why? (Hint: Imagine trying to stand up if all of the muscles in your lower limb contracted at the same time.) 12 6 Certain inhaled anesthetic agents are thought to open Cr channels in the membranes of postsynaptic neurons in the brain, an effect that causes IPSPs. Why might this action put a person "to sleep" during anesthesia? 7 Predict what would happen if the calcium ion channels in the axon terminal were blocked. Explain.

Explanation / Answer

4)multiple sclerosis: in this the immune system attacks the myelin protective sheath over nerve cells in the brain and spine ,as it is a autoimmune disease, the symptoms are optic neuritis, numbness and tingling, lack of coordination, dizziness, muscle spasms, speech problems, tremors,in multiple sclerosis axons of the cns lose their myelin sheaths, and death of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells are not affected. 5)Inhibitory synapses:it is a synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential, it occurs at all chemical synapses, the symptoms of tetanus are spasms in the jaw muscles and it can affect the facial muscles resulting in an appearances called risus sardonicus and also other muscles are affected , drooling, excessive sweating, fever, hand and foot spasms, suffocations, heart attacks, etc the symptoms are due to the effect of the toxins is to block the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and gama aminobutyric aciid across the synaptic cleft, which is required to check the nervous impulse. 6)opening chlorine channels allows chlorine to enter the neurons chlorine has a neagtive charge so the entry of the chlorine decreases the membrane potential or the neurons to a more negative level this has an inhibitory effect on neuronal transmission by making it more difficult for the membrane to reach its threshold for the production and conductance of an action potential. 7) If the calcium ions channels in the axon terminals are blocked then the vesicles in the axon terminals would not be able to release their neurotransmitter in to the synaptic gap so the action potential is generated.

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