12. What is the bone cell responsible for bône resorption? 13. Why is bonce reso
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12. What is the bone cell responsible for bône resorption? 13. Why is bonce resorption necessary? In other words what would be the consequences if bone resorption did not happen? 14. List 2 types of bone tissue. 15. What is ossification? 16. List the 2 types of human ossification. 17. What is endochondral ossification? 18. What is intramembranous ossification? 19. Name the structural unit of compact bone. 20. Name the structural unit of the cancellous bone. 21. Draw an osteon and label its parts. 22. List the types of bones (according to their shape) present in the human body 23. What is endosteum?Explanation / Answer
13. ANS:
In human, bones are constantly remodeled to replace old bone parts with newly formed matrix which is necessary for bone strength maintenance and ion homeostasis. Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclast breakdown the tissues in bones and releases the minerals which result in transfer of minerals from bone and tissues to blood. Bone resorption process can maintain, repair and remodeling of bones. These are multinucleated cells that contain mitochondria and lysosomes. These cells are present on outer layer of bone just beneath the peristomium. The process begins when osteoclast attaches to the osteon. The cell membrane then in folds and secretes collagenase and other enzymes which is induced by osteoclast. The enzymes released and collagens are important in the resorption process. When osteoclast tunnels into the mineralized bone, high level of magnesium, calcium, phosphate and products of collagen get released into the extracellular fluid.
Less bone resorption can leads to decrease osteoclasts activity and its number, parathyroid gland hormone PTH release was decreased and in blood high levels of calcium was observed.
14. ANS: There are two types of osseous tissue, compact bone and spongy bone.
The dense bone tissue found on the outside of all the bones is known as the compact hone. The network of small bony beads found in the bones, near-the knob like ends or heads of long bones is known as spongy bone. The compact hone is strong and firm and the spongy hone is rubbery.
15. ANS: Ossification process: In bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. This process takes place at different rates and is completed at different ages depending on the site of ossification. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation.
16. ANS: there are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue.
A. Intramembranous ossification
B. Endochondral ossification
17. ANS: Intramembranous ossification: It is a process of formation of flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle or collar bone. The process of formation of bone is called osteogenesis. The itramembranous ossification process begins with soft embryonic connective tissue known as mesenchyme. The flat bones of skull and collar bone develop within a fibrous sheet similar to dermim of the skin and so they are called as dermal bones.
18. ANS: Endochondrial ossification involves cartilage as a precursor in fracture healing, endochondrial osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process. for example in fractured bones of long bones treated by plasters of Paris, where as fractured treated by open reduction and internal fixation with metals plates, screws, pins, rods and nails may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis.
Endochondral ossification steps:
(1) nutrient artery invades teh periosteum
(2) osteoclasts creat a marrow cavity
(3) chondrocytes enlarge and secrete alkaline phosphatase
(4) secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysis
(5) cartilage matrix becomes mineralized
(6) osteoblasts deposit boen in the diaphysis
(7) a collar of bone develops around the mid diaphysis
(8) cartilage cells die and the cartilaginous matrix deteriorates
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