Active or reinfection tuberculosis (TB) has been diagnosed in a classmate. a. De

Question

Active or reinfection tuberculosis (TB) has been diagnosed in a classmate.

a. Describe the pathologic changes in the lungs that characterize active TB.

b. How is TB transmitted?

c. Under what conditions does active TB develop following exposure?

d. Suggest measures to ensure that other classmates do not have TB.

e. State the medications frequently prescribed for individuals:

      (i) with active TB.   

      (ii) who have been in close contact with a person with active TB.

f.    State the test that confirms your classmate is no longer contagious.

g. Will the tuberculin skin test (Mantoux) be used to monitor your classmate’s status?

h. Where appropriate, describe specific infection control procedures used by your profession for infection control and, in particular, to prevent transmission of TB.

Explanation / Answer

I will answer your question by startimg with the basic information about TB.

Tuberculosis is a infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although several Mycobacterium species can cause tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis is the principal causative agent. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs. Once the bacteria are inside the lungs, the multiply and cause inflammation, which stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to migrate to the area and engulf the bacteria to prevent their spread. If the immune system is not impaired, the bacteria remains dormant for life, but impaired immunity may enable the bacteria to escape into blood and lymph to infect other organs. Symptoms of TB are:- fatigue, weight loss ,lethargy, anorexia, a low grade fever, night sweats,cough, dysnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis. These symptoms usually don't develop until the disease is advanced.

a:- Once the bacteria are inhaled, they are engulfed by macrophages (white blood cells) that are present in the alveoli (the air sacs of the lungs). The bacteria replicate within the macrophages for 2 to 3 weeks before spreading throughout the body. In 95 percent of cases, the macrophages throughout the body are able to contain the bacteria and no apparent disease is noted. However, the bacteria are not completely destroyed and can remain dormant for years.

b and c:- It can be basically get transferred by two ways

1- Air Bourne i.e. coughing or sneezing

2- Through Saliva i.e. kissing or sharing water

d:- In order to prevent it from spreading follow the following methods.

1- Wash your and your infected friend's hands after sneezing, coughing or holding your hands near your mouth or nose.

2- Avoid close contact.

3- Ventilate your classroom regularly. TB spreads in small closed spaces. Put a fan in your window to blow out air that may contain bacteria.

e:- For active TB patient

The five basic TB drugs are:
Isoniazid (H/Inh)
Rifampicin (R/Rif) (In the United States rifampicin is called rifampin)
Pyrazinamide (Z/Pza)
Ethambutol (E/Emb)
and Streptomycin (S/Stm)

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease for person in close contact.

f:- Latent TB infection can be tested through TB blood test.

Hopefully you are answered and please do review and follow the guidelines while asking a multiple sub part questions.

Thanks

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