22. During childbirth, the endocrine hormone oxytocin causes muscle contraction

Question

22. During childbirth, the endocrine hormone oxytocin causes muscle contraction in the uterus. The other muscles in the mother's body do not contract. Which statement correctly explains this scenario? A) The non-uterine muscles in the mother's body do not contain receptors for oxytocin. B) Oxytocin do not travel through the blood, so they do not make contact with non-uterine muscles. C) Oxytocin is relcased by the uterus only, so other muscles do not receive its signals. D) The other muscles in the mother's body are temporarily paralyzed by the epidural, a medication intended to prevent pain 23. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the effects of endocrine hormones? gene transcription B) Binding with receptor proteins can only affect gene transcription. C) Binding with receptor proteins can cause changes in cell metabolism and/or gene transcription. D) Binding with receptor proteins can only occur when activating or inhibiting enzymes are present. 24. When the hormone epinephrine binds to receptors on the surface of a heart muscle cell, a new molecule, called cyclic AMP, is produced. Cyclic AMP then causes the heart muscle cells to contract, increasing blood flow throughout the body. In this example, cyclic AMP is acting as a(n) A) Second messenger. B) Energy carrier. C) Intercellular enzyme. D) Target cell

Explanation / Answer

Answer 22. Option A

Oxytocin is a hormone which is produced by the hypothalamus of the brain and remains store in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The hormone is responsible for showing many effects like-

parturition,

Milk ejection and many others.

Oxytocin is also called as the love hormone.

The target cells of this hormone only includes the uterus and the mammary glands. Hence during parturition under the influence of oxytocin, the contraction of only the myometrial layer of the uterus occurs and likewise child is expelled. However since non uterine muscles of our body do not have the receptors; they remains unaffected form being actioned.

Answer 23. Option C

Hormones are the non nutrient chemicals which acts as an intracellular messengers and are always produced only in the trace amounts. The hormones are able to be circulated throughout the body as they get dissolved in the blood stream and serves humans with many important functions like-

Affecting the growth, differentiation and the metabolic effects of their target cells over which the hormones act.

Acceleration or inhibition of many metabolic and physiologic functions.

Regulation of the many actions of our body

It also plays a very important role in maintaining or regulating the gene transcription rates

Answer 24. Option A

There are two types of hormones and likewise corresponding to the hormones, there are two types of the receptors. They being- water soluble and fat soluble.

When the hormone and the receptors are fat soluble by nature, it becomes easy for them to enter inside the cell and action since plasma membrane which is a protective covering to the cell also is made up of lipids. Accordingly then they enter the cell and action.

However contrary to this if the hormone or the receptor are water soluble by nature, then it becomes a problem for them as hormones cannot easily enter inside the cell pertaining to the fact that the plasma membrane is made of lipids. Hence they would need the presence of a secondary messengers like cyclic AMP which would it turn pass their information from one part of the cell to the other. Epinephrine or Adrenaline is one such example of the water soluble class of the hormone.

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