please help me answer all questions 11) Select the correct combination for a sym
ID: 3520050 • Letter: P
Question
please help me answer all questions
11) Select the correct combination for a sympathetic increase in heart rate:
A. Acetylcholine -- alpha receptors - increased potassium Permeability
B. Norepinephrine and epinephrine -- Beta2 receptors -- increased Permeability t sodium, potassium and calcium
C. Acetlycholine -- muscarinic receptors -- increased premability
D. Norepinephrine and epinephrine -- nicotinic receptors -- increased Permeability to calcium
E. Norepinephrine and epinephrine --- Beta 1 receptors increased permeability to sodium and calcium
12). Which of the following would cause localized arteriolar vasodilation?
A. Ice Pack
B. Increased parasympathetic stimulation to the arteriole
C.increase in CO2
D. increase in O2
E. More than one of the above is correct
13.) Receptors that detect changes in blood pressure are located in the:
A. Sinoatrial node
B. Spinal Chord
C. Hypothalamus
D. Medulla
E. Carotid sinus
14.) If there is a loss of plasma proteins due to kidney disease (in other words, the plasma proteins go out in the urine), how will bulk flow in the systemic capillaries be affected?
A. Both filteration and reabsoprtion will increase
B. Both filteration and reabsoprtion will decrease
C. Filteration will increase and reabsoprtion will decrease
D. Filteration will decrease and reabsoprtion will increase
15). Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
A. To create pressure changes which affect respiratory rate and depth
B. returning fluid from the interstital spaces to the circulatory system
C. to deilver fats from the small intenstine to circulatory system
D. to help defense againt foreign invaders
E. They are all functions of the lympthatic system
16). Which of the following does NOT increase venous return to the heart?
A. Parasympathetic activity causing venous vasodilation
B. sympathetic nerve activity causing venous vaso constriction
C. respiratory pump providing a pressure gradient bettwen the lower veins and the chest veins
D. Skeletal muscle pump dqueezing blood through the veins
E. More than one answer applies
17). Which of the following is NOT a compensatory change, after hemorrhaging, to restore MAP to normal?
A. Increased synthesis of plasma proteins
B. Increased filatration by capillaires
C. Increased total peripheral resistance
D. Increased venous return
E. Increased stroke volume
18). If the blood had no red blood cells but lungs were functioning normally:
A. The arterial PO2 would be normal
B. The total oxygen content of arteial blood would be normal
C. Both a) and B) are correct
D. None of the above is correct
19.)Which muscles are involved in maximal inspiration?
A. The abdominal muscles, interal intercostal and sternocleidomastoid
B. the diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and external intercostal
C. the abdominal muscles and internal intercoastal
D. The diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and internal intercostal
E. The diaphragm, external intercostal and sternocleidomastoid
Explanation / Answer
ans.11.option:(E)The sympathetic nervous system activates the fight / flight response.In response to this stimulus, postganglionic neurons principally release noradrenaline.Prolonged activation elicit the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla.Noradrenaline and adrenaline upon release bind adrenergic receptors on peripheral tissues.Binding to adrenergic receptors causes the fight-or-flight response effects.
Ans.12.option(E).Vasodilation directly affects the relationship between mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance. Vasodilation occurs during cardiac systole and vasoconstriction follows in the opposite time phase of cardiac diastole.Sympathetic nervous system plays a crucial role in vasodilation but it is only one of the mechanisms by which vasodilation can be accomplished. The neurons that control vascular vasodilation originate in the hypothalamus. Some sympathetic stimulation of arterioles in skeletal muscle is mediated by epinephrine acting on ?-adrenergic receptors of arteriolar smooth muscle.Cold-induced vasodilation occurs after cold exposure to reduce the risk of injury. It can take place in several locations in the human body but is observed most often in the extremities.
13.Option(E)Baroreceptors ,located in aorta and carotid sinus detect changes in blood pressure.When the blood pressure within the aorta or carotid sinus increases, the arterial wall stretch and stimulate increased activity within the baroreceptors.
14.Option(D).The loss of proteins can be either from the vascular space into the extravascular compartment or from the body (compensated hemorrhage, glomerulonephritis, protein-losing enteropathy). This situation is evident as a reduction in concentrations of both albumin and globulins.As a result,filteration will decrease and reabsoprtion will increase.
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