Understand the different effusions that can happen with cancer and how you would
ID: 3519147 • Letter: U
Question
Understand the different effusions that can happen with cancer and how you would know where in the body the cancer is from based on the effusion. What are the tests that Professor Heine talked about during the cancer lecture that the nurse can use to help diagnose and what are each testing for specifically? Understand the hormones that regulate hunger. There are different types of stress, which one is good for you? What can you do as a nurse to help ease someone who is feeling anxiety and stress? Understand the different types of immunity and how the complement system effects them. Who are at the most risk for alterations in immunity?
Explanation / Answer
Pleural effusion is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity is the space between the lungs and the chest wall. The fluid builds up between two layers of the pleural, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the chest wall. When pleural effusion is related to cancer or there are cancer cells in the fluid, it may be called malignant pleural effusion.
Diagnosis- it is usually diagnosed by-
Physical exam
Chest x-ray
CT scan
A CAT scan may be able to diagnose small effusions. If pleural effusion is seen on an X-ray or CT scan, then doctor may do a thoracentesis. During this procedure, a needle is used to collect a sample of the fluid in the pleural cavity so it can be looked at under a microscope. The doctor may use ultrasound to guide the needle during thoracentesis.
Hormones that regulate hunger-
Leptin- a hormone made of fat cells that decrease appetite.
Ghrelin- a hormone that increase appetite, it also plays a role in body weight.
Types of stress-
1) acute stress- most common type of stress. It's your body's immediate reaction to a new challenge, event, or demand, and it triggers your fight-or- flight response. As the pressures of a near-miss automobile accident, an argument with the family member or a costly mistake at work sink in, your body turns on this biological response.
2) episodic acute stress- when acute stress- happens frequently it's called episodic acute stress-. People who always seem to be having a crisis tend to have this stress. They are often short tempered, irritable and anxious. People who are "worry warts," or pessimistic or who tend to see the negative side of everything also tend to have this stress.
3)chronic stress- if acute stress is not resolved and begins to increase or lasts for longer periods of time, it becomes chronic stress. This stress is constant and does not go away. It can be detrimental to the health.
Acute stress is good stress. It is not always negative. It is also the experience when riding a rollercoaster or having a person jump out at you in a haunted house. Isolated episodes of acute stress should not have any lingering health effects. These stressful situations gives body and brain practice in developing the best response to future stressful situations.
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