Gastrointestinal system: Know the entire functional anatomy of the GI and table
ID: 3518652 • Letter: G
Question
Gastrointestinal system: Know the entire functional anatomy of the GI and table 20.1 Know the role of acid in the stomach - where does it come from and how and where is it neutralized? What is the brush border? Understand the control of blood glucose (insulin and glucagon) Know the stimuli and action of each gastric hormone discussed in class. .Can you describe what happens as food passes through your entire GI tract from you mouth to the rectum? Where is food broken down, absorbed? What hormones control these processes? How is it moved through the GI tract?Explanation / Answer
The question format is a bit messy but I will answer the best way as I can.
To question 1 :
See to explain entire functional anatomy requires a very detailed answer as I need to explain all the organs in detail. So, if your doubt is specific, do ask that. I am moving on to the next questions.
to question 2 :
The role of acid is pretty much in stomach. First, it acts as pathogen killing agent that may enter with the food that you eat. second, it provides an acidic medium which is required for activation gastric enzymes like pepsinogen. It comes from or we can say secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach wall. It is neutralized in the duodenum by the action of bile salts and bile juices.
to question 3 :
Brush border refers to the inner lining of intestine. Several microvilli on cuboidal epithelia give it a brush like appearance.
to question 4 :
Blood glucose level is controlled by two antagonistic hormones, glucagon and insulin. They are released by cells of intestine, alpha cells and beta cells respectively. Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone, that is, lowers blood sugar level by increasing cell glucose uptake. On the other hand, glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone, it ince=reases blood sugar level.
to question 5 :
Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) are some of the Gastro intestinal hormones.
Gastrin acts upon gastric glands, stimulate them to release gastric juice and HCl.
Secretin acts on the exocrine pancreas and stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions.
CCK acts on both pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile juice, respectively.
GIP inhibits gastric secretion and motility.
to question 6 :
Thats a pretty long process. You eat the food and the journey begins from your mouth. There, physical breakdown and mixing with saliva takes place, that you call as mastication of food takes place. Then, the food enters stomach where pathogens are killed by HCl action and enzymes start breakdown of proteins. Pepsin act here. Then food reaches small intestine where several itestinal enzymes like pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase etc. are poured in which degrade the food. Along with that, pancreatic enzymes are also released which constitute enzymes like trypsinogen, also, liver pours its secretion, bile juice and salts along with that which help in emulsification of fats.
Then, simplest absorbable form of food is obr=tained and gradually absorbed in the small intestine. Then the food goes in large intestine where rest of the absorption takes place and finally the waste left over is dumped into rectum. From there, after some thresold amount is there in rectum, it is expelled out of the body via anal opening. This is where journey of food ends.
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