1.) In the background section the authors wrote “… we hypothesized that pulmonar
ID: 3518592 • Letter: 1
Question
1.) In the background section the authors wrote “… we hypothesized that pulmonary edema, evoked by cerebral hypoxia in the presence of systemic normoxia, is associated with increased ICP, SNS activation, and increased oxidative stress.” Is this a null hypothesis or an alternative/alternate hypothesis? (1 point)
2.) What is one word in the quote of question 1 that is evidence that your answer to question 1 is correct? (1 point)
3.) How does GH differ from CH and CON in Fig. 1A? (1 point)
4.) What does a greater LWW/LDW ratio mean in Fig. 1B? (1 point)
5.) Why should GH and CH have a higher LWW/LDW ratio than CON? (1 point)
6.) In the discussion section the authors wrote “For example, in humans, while breathing hypoxic gas mixtures, sympathetic activation in the absence of vasoconstriction has been documented. Further, in older men with hypertension, 24-h circulating norepinephrine concentration is inversely associated with mean arterial pressure.” Is this a positive correlation, a negative correlation, or no correlation? (1 point)
7.) What is one word in the quote of question 6 that is evidence that your answer to question 6 is correct? (1 point)
8.) In the discussion section the authors wrote “Increases in catecholamines, CO, and SV in GH suggest that the physiological chemoreceptor response may be activated through the SNS in this group.” Why would a chemoreceptor response be activated through the SNS?
9.) In the discussion section the authors wrote “A 6-fold increase in norepinephrine in CH compared to CON suggests that SNS activity may be higher with cerebral hypoxia compared to normoxia.” Why would an increase in norepinephrine suggest SNS activity? (1 point)
Explanation / Answer
1. ANS: The above given statement is an alternative hypothesis, because in this situation the authors usually taken to be that the observations are the result of a real effect. So it is an alternative hypothesis.
2. ANS: This is because of increased oxidative stress.
3. ANS: GH is different from CH and CON in its glucose levels.
4. ANS: Cerebral hypoxia and pulmonary edema received venous blood which has greater LWW/LDW ratio.
5. ANS: CH and GH have higher LWW/LDW ratio because the cerebral hypoxia with systemic normoxia has a number n=6 in CH and n=4 in GH. Where as in CON, n=3.
6. ANS: It is a negat8ve correlation.
7. ANS: Vasoconstriction.
8. ANS: This is because chemoreceptor’s can detect changes in blood pH which requires changes in involuntary respiration.
9. ANS: This is because by neither increase in nor epinephrine levels, the heart rate increases and there is variability in blood pressure.
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.