Provide a possible explanation for each of the following urinalysis results: Opt

Question

Provide a possible explanation for each of the following urinalysis results:

Options for answers, use only once: A. Dehydration, B.Bacteria converts nitrate to nitrites indicating UTI, C. Diabetic acidosis or starvation, D. High blood pressure can damage Glomeruli and proteins are able to pass through the filtration membrane, E. Diabetes mellitus due to insuffiecient production by pancreas

a. High levels of protein in the urine

b. Low pH of the urine

c. Glucose present in the urine

d. Nitrites present in the urine

e. A high specific gravity

Explanation / Answer

A) Dehydration ( loss of water makes urine highly concentrated ---> high concentrated urine means high specific grvity of urine. specific gravity is = [weight of 100 urine / weight of 100 ml water] , as in dehydration solutes is increased in urine the weight of urine increases.) ---> e) High specific gravity

B) Bacteria converts nitrate to nitrite indicating UTI ( In UTI [ Urinary tract infection] there are bacteria which converts nitrate of urine to nitrite ) ---> d) Nitrite present in the urine.

C)Diabetic acidosis or starvation [ starvation or severe diabetes , there is minimal glucose to the cells as a result body enzymes metabolize fat to produce glucose from non glucose like fat and protein, So, fat are metabolized to ketone bodies which cause acidosis--> acidosis mean lowering of blood pH ( this is bacuse of increased H+ in blood due to ketone bodies and acetic acid produced from fatty, then kidney excretes those increased H+ in urine causing the urine acidic mean lower pH ] ---> b) Low pH of urine

D) High blood pressure can dmage glomeruli and proteins are able to pass through the filtration membrane [ damage to the podocyte in the glomeruli casue protein loss in the urine]---->a) high levels of protein in the urine.

E) Diabetes mellitus due to insufficient production by pancreas [ insufficient insulin production in diabetes mellitus cause non utilization of glucose by body cells as a result there is high blood glucose level--> this high glucose is passed by glomerular filtration ---. as a result glucose is found in the urine, in normal codition there no or untracable amount of glucose] ----->c) Glucose present in the urine

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