4G-ul 93% 06:21 Thu, Apr 9 1. What is the difference between hierarchical and di

Question

4G-ul 93% 06:21 Thu, Apr 9 1. What is the difference between hierarchical and diffuse nervous system? 2. Differentiate ionotoric versus metabotropic receptor 3. E in what happens in the cell membrane o IS . Resting membrane potential and there is sudden opening of calcium channels B. Resting membrane potential and there is sudden opening of potassium channels . Resting membrane potential and there is sudden ening of sodium channels D. Resting membrane potential and there is sudden influ chloride 4. Tabulate the neurotransmitters important for this chapter according to Name Effect(inhibitory vs excitatory ?

Explanation / Answer

A. opening of Ca2+ channel will cause an influx of Ca2+ inside cell---> depolarization of cell membrane will be the result.

As at resting state concentration of Ca2+ is more in the extracellular fluid,an opening of calcium channels (which are voltage-gated, outside of cell is positive and inside of cell is negative at resting state, so calcium will move according to voltage gradient, ie from extracellular fluid to intracellular, here both voltage gradient, as well as concentration gradient, will drive calcium from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid, equilibrium potential for Ca is +135 mV, so movement will be toward negative charge, ie to intracellular. ) will lead to influx of calcium ions from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid, while other ions will remain normal. So the net result will be a rise in intracellular positive charge and that will lead to depolarization of cell membrane and generation of action potential.

B. From the previous answer at resting state intracellular K+ is more than the extracellular K+ concentration. As the potassium channels are concentration gradient (why negative votltage inside cell will not prvent the concentration gradient force? equlibrium potential for K+ is -90mV, while the resting membrane potential is -70mV , so K= will try to bring the membrane potential to -90mV by effluxinf itsel. ) channels, so if K+ channels open up suddenly, there will be efflux ( go out of the cell) of potassium ions from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid according to concentration gradient.---> the result will be intracellular environment will lose positive ions---> hyperpolarization of the cell membrane.

C. In resting state, extracellular concentration of sodium ions is higher than intracellular concentration. As the sodium channels are mainly leak(concentration gradient) channel( inside of cell is negative and concentration of Na+ inside cell is less than outside, both voltage gradient and concentration gradient will lead to influx of Na+, equilibrium potential for Na+ is +60mV, so until the intracellular voltage becomes +60mV, Na+ will move inside ) the opening of the sodium channels will results in influx of sodium ions from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid, as a result, the intracellular environment will gain positive ions----> the result will be depolarization of cell membrane.

D. The equilibrium potential for Cl- ions is -70mV, and we know that resting membrane potential is also - 70mV. So there is no voltage gradient for Cl, But Cl channels are voltage-gated channel, but there is no voltage gradient. So there will be no net movement.

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