Which of the following are effects of the hormone cortisol? Choose all that appl

Question

Which of the following are effects of the hormone cortisol? Choose all that apply. (reference: textbook chatper 18 endocrine system--section "glucocorticoids" and figure 18.20)

increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of amino acids into glucose

increase blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of lactic acid into glucose

increase blood fatty acid levels by stimulating lipolysis

anti-inflammatory effects

depression of immune responses

1 points   

QUESTION 12

Globulins are the most abundant protein in the blood plasma.(reference: textbood chapter 19 blood--section "blood plasma" and figure 19.1)

True

False

1 points   

QUESTION 13

Acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric aicd, and acetone are collectively known as ketone bodies. The formation of ketone bodies is called ketogenesis, ketones are fomed when ____________________ are catabolized.(reference: textbook chapter 25 metabolism & nutrition--section "lipid catabolism: lipolysis" and figure 25.14)

glucose

fatty acids

glycerol

glycogen

none of the above

1 points   

QUESTION 14

Where does ketogensis take place?(reference: textbook chapter 25 metabolism and nutrition--section "lipid catbolism: lipolysis")

heart

lungs

liver

small intestine

large intestine

1 points   

QUESTION 15

Which two organs prefer to use ketone bodies instead of glucose for generating ATP? (reference: chapter 25 metabolism & nutrition--section "lipid catabolism: lipolysis")

heart

kidney

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle of the stomach

sweat glands

1 points   

QUESTION 16

Which of the following best describes how glucose ends up in the urine in an individual with uncontrolled diabetes melliuts?(reference: textbood chapter 18 endocrine system--section "pancreatic islets disorders"; textbook chapter 26 urinary system--section "reabsorption and secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule"; lab manual exrecise 41 urinalysis--section "abnormal urinary constituents" and urinary lecture notes)

Hyperglycemia leads to an increased level of glucose in the glomerular filtrate. The increased level of glucose in the glomerular filtrate cannot be reabsorbed adequately bye the renal tubule (the glucose transporters have reached their Transport Maxiumum Tm). Since glucose cannot be adequately absorbed by the renal tubule, glucose remains in the filtrate and eventually is excreted out of the body in the urine.

Hypoglycemia leads to an increased level of glucose in the glomerular filtrate. The increased level of glucose in the glomerular filtrate cannot be reabsorbed adequately bye the renal tubule (the glucose transporters have reached their Transport Maxiumum Tm). Since glucose cannot be adequately absorbed by the renal tubule, glucose remains in the filtrate and eventually excreted out of the body in the urine.

Hyper-secretion of insulin leads to an increased level of glucose in the glomerular filtrate. The increased level of glucose in the glomerular filtrate cannot be reabsorbed adequately bye the renal tubule (the glucose transporters have reached their Transport Maxiumum Tm). Since glucose cannot be adequately absorbed by the renal tubule, glucose remains in the filtrate and eventually excreted out of the body in the urine.

Hyperglycemia leads to an increased level of glucose in the glomerular filtrate. Normally glucose is not part of the glomerular filtrate, and since glucose is normally not part of the glomerular filtrate there is not way for the kidney tubule to reabsorb the glucose back into the body. Since glucose cannot be reabsorbed it will end up in the urine.

1 points   

QUESTION 17

The pH of urine typically ranges from ________ to _______, but its average value is _______. (referenc: lab manual exercise 41 urinalysis--section "pH")

6.0; 8.0; 4.5

4.5; 8.0; 6.0

4.5; 6.0; 8.0

none of the above

1 points   

QUESTION 18

Freshly voided urine is generally clear and pale yelllow to amber in color. This normal yellow color is due to ______________, a pigment metabolite from the destruction of hemoglobin. (reference: lab manual exercise 41 urinalysis--section "color and transparency")

vitamin B

transferrin

urochrome

none of the above

1 points   

QUESTION 19

The kidneys themselves help maintain a constant renal blood flow and GFR (glomerular filtration rate), despite normal everyday changes in blood pressure. This capability is called renal autoregulation and consists of two mechanisms; the _________________ mechanism and ________________________. (reference: textbook chapter 26 urinary system--section "renal autoregulation of GFR")

angiotensin II; atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

angiotensin II; tubuloglomerular feedback

myogenic; atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

myogenic; tubuloglomerular feedback

1 points   

QUESTION 20

If the efferent arteriole draining the glomerulus vasoconstricts, what will happen to the blood pressure in the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta?

the blood pressure in the peritubular capillaries will increase, which decreases the reabsorption of filtrate

the blood pressure in the peritubular capillaries will decrease, which increases the reabsorption of filtrate

there will be no change in blood pressure at either the peritubular capillaries or the vasa recta

1 points   

QUESTION 21

Glomerular filtrate/Filtrate/Tubular fluid is the fluid that is formed when blood plasma is filtered at the renal corpuscle(specifically the glomerular capillary bed). This fluid will enter the capsular space and flow through the renal tubule, most of this fluid will be reabsorbed while in the renal tubule. The fluid that is not reabsorbed in the renal tubule will become urine. (reference: textbook chapter 26 urinary system--section "overview of renal physiology" and "figure 26.7")

True

False

increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of amino acids into glucose

increase blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of lactic acid into glucose

increase blood fatty acid levels by stimulating lipolysis

anti-inflammatory effects

depression of immune responses

Explanation / Answer

11)all are correct regarding cortisol

12)false

13)fattyacids

14)liver

15)heart and kidney

16)option 1

17)option 2

18)option3

19)option 4

20)option 1

21)true

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