The attached flow chart describes the factors that influence blood flow. There a

Question

The attached flow chart describes the factors that influence blood flow. There are 6 points in the flow chart that represent factors that can be modified by one or more regulatory mechanisms. They are labeled 1-6 and are highlighted in red. Your task is to describe what mechanisms can be used to modify each of these factors. You should consider local control, nervous system, and endocrine system regulation. Be sure to describe the mechanisms: for example, if you are discussing a hormone, explain what the hormone does to cause the factor to change, and if you are discussing the nervous system, make sure to explain what is targeted and how the targeted cell activities change to adjust the factor.

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Explanation / Answer

1. Reflex control - in the peripheral tissues there are reflex control of blood by the sympathetic nervous system. This causes sympathetic vasoconstriction to maintain arterial blood pressure and proper blood flow to the tissues.

2. Local control - Local control of blood flow depend on local metabolic need of cells and tissues. In this type the cardiac output remains same and blood flow depends on need of perticular cells and tissue. This is also called as autoregulation. These are controlled by substance produced locally in response to the need, that causes vasoconstriction or vasodilation to regulate blood flow.

3. Heart rate - heart rate also control the blood flow. It is directly proportional to the blood flow. Heart rate is controlled by autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system increases and parasympathetic nervous system decreases the heart rate and thus the blood flow.

4. Stroke volume - stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by heart in one minute. It is dependent on cardiac output and heart rate.

5. Total blood volume - more the total blood volume more will be the blood flow.

6. Arterial venous distribution - more is the arterial and venous distribution of blood, more will be the blood flow. These are controlled by blood pressure and total peripheral resistance. More the total peripheral resistance less will be the blood flow.

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