For each of the following three causal questions answer the following (and label
ID: 3511184 • Letter: F
Question
For each of the following three causal questions answer the following (and label your answers clearly):
(1) Is it the case that in counties with a higher share of opioid addiction, doctors are more lenient when they write opioid prescriptions?
(2)Are rebellions more likely to succeed when more of the population joins them?
(3)Are countries who export more cars wealthier?
(i) What is the outcome variable and what is the treatment?
(ii) Define the counterfactual outcomes Yi(0) and Yi(1)
(iii) What plausible causal channel(s) runs directly from the treatment to the outcome? In what direction would that push the results?
(iv) Is reverse causality a potential concern?
(v) What are possible sources of selection and/or omitted variable bias in the raw comparison of outcomes and treatment status? Which way(s) would you expect the bias to go and why?
Explanation / Answer
Answer 1. In the country where more opioid addition is seen, doctors are not of that much lenient to prescribe the opioid drugs. Opioid drugs shows morphine like reaction and are used in anesthesia and pain relief. There is higher addictive value of opioid. The side effect of opioid addition include respiratory depression, sedation, nausea, euphoria, constipation, itchiness. There is development of tolerance and dependence and they show withdrawal symptoms when they are discontinued abruptly. To relieve withdrawal symptoms there is tapering of drug doses done.
Answer 2. Rebellion are more likely to succeed when more people joins them because rebellion do the workagainst the flow of community and something new. When more and more peoples join them in their work, there is more chances of success of them. However The success rate of rebellion are very less but more than normal people.
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