BIOL 325 Physiology Name:, Homework #1, Chemistry and Cells (Feel free to expand
ID: 3507792 • Letter: B
Question
BIOL 325 Physiology Name:, Homework #1, Chemistry and Cells (Feel free to expand the size of the tables.) 1. (4pts) Total osmolanity inside and outside cells is about 300 mosmol/L. Based on the molar values provided below calculate the osmolarity for the ions below Divide by 300 mosmoVL and multiply by 100 to obtain the percentage of total osmolarity (units are correct) Cytosolic Fluid Extracellular Fluid Percentage of fluid osmolarity Percentage of lon Concentration Osmolarity cytosolic Concentration Osmolarity total extracellular Na 10 mM osmolarity 140 mM 5 mM 2.5 mM 115 mM 140 mM Ca2 100 nM Cl 5 mM What is the most osmotically active intracellular ion? and What are the most osmotically active extracellular ions? What ion is the least osmotically active both inside and outside of cells? 2 (3pts) Compare the 4 primary macromolecules in living systems Macromolecule ur List as mostly hydrophobic, building blocks) Linking Building Blocks hvdrophilic or "could be either Chemical Bond(s) hydrogen, ionic Carbohydrates Fats Nucleic Acids Proteins 3. (4pts) Use a total of 5-7 steps to track the fomation of an integral plasma membrane protein from its origin as a DNA sequence to its final incorporation into the plasma membrane. Make use of all membranous structures (nuclear membrane. RER, Golgi, vesicle (x2), plasma membrane) it passes through or is a part of on its way from a DNA sequence to a protein. Include the compartments where 1) DNA is transcribed to RNA and 2) where RNA is translated to protein. To get you started fill in the blanks for step 1 below.Explanation / Answer
2)))Carbohydrates
Large carbohydrates are made up of monosacharides with glycosidic bond between.They are hydrophilic mostly.
Proteins are made up of aminoacids with peptide bond in between.They can be either phdrophilic or hydrophobic.
Fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerol with all single bonds between carbons.They are mostly hydrophobic.
Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides and phosphates and form backbone.Consists of hydrogen bonds.They are hydrophobic mostly.
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
-Firstly,replication takes place in which DNA itself produces individual daughter molecules of DNA.
-Then transcription takes place by DNA polymerase which converts DNA to RNA.
-Genitic information stored in DNA is passed to RNA.
-This RNA ultimately expresses in language of proteins.
- Biosynthesis of protein / polypeptides in living cell is reffered as translation.
- Then post translational modifications takes place as the proteins which are formed are not functional,so these changes takes place.Like chemical mofifications,folding,proteolytic cleavage.
-Protein targeting/protein sorting/protein localisation takes place to reach their destination to exhibit biological action.
Synthesised in RER and to golgi process to various cell orgenelles.And functions of each organ involved in protein synthesised ia explained below.
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FUNCTIONS:
NUCLEUS-control of all cell activities that include metabolism,protein synthesis,growth and reproduction.
* synthesis of RNA
* formation of subunits of ribosomes
*Sending genetic instruction to cytoplasm for protein synthesis through messenger RNA.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
*Synthesis of proteins
* degradation of worn out organelles
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
*synthesis of non protein substance
* role in cellular metabolism
*Storage and metabolism of calcium
*Catabolism and detoxification
GOLGI APPARATUS
*processing of materials
* packaging of materials
* labelling and delivary of materials
LYSOSOMES
*degradation of macromalecules
*Degradation of worn out orgenlles
* removal of excess secretory products in cells.
*Secretory function
MITOCHONDRIA
*Production of energy
*Synthesis of ATP
* apoptosis
*Storage of calcium and detoxification if ammonia in liver.
VESCICLES
ALSO CALLED AS PEROXISOMES
*Accelerate gluconeogenesis from fats
*Degrade purine to uric acid
*Participate in formation of mylein and bile acids.
*Degrade toxic products such as hydrogen peroxide and other metabolic products by means of detoxification.
*By means of process called beta ocidation they break fatty acids.This is mator function of peroxisomes.
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