Hormones are secreted from endocrine glands in minute quantities. These molecule

Question

Hormones are secreted from endocrine glands in minute quantities. These molecules bind to specific receptors to cause a biological response. Understanding the signaling pathways is critical for treating or manipulating disease, reproductive cycles and the like.,compare and contrast differences among cell signaling pathways.      

1.Using PubMed or Google Scholar as search engine, how are hormones transported in the blood?

2. How do protein/peptide hormones signal and what is the importance of second messengers?

3. How do steroid hormones signal?

Explanation / Answer

The way in which hormones are transported in blood doends upon their nature. Most of the hydrophilic hormones travel freely in blood whereas steroid hormones which are relatively hydrophobic are bound to plasma proteins. Protein or peptide hormones work through cell surface receptors. These receptors have extracellular, intracellular and Transmembrane domains. At least 4 second messenger systems have been indentified for such hormones : these are- cyclic AMP, Tyrosine Kinase, IP3/DAG, cyclic GMP. These are essentially middle men who eventually lead to the functioning of hormones. Steroid hormones are able to penetrate the cell. They work through nuclear receptors.

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