Eirst, review Ohm\'s Law with respect to the relationships among cardiac output
ID: 3506504 • Letter: E
Question
Eirst, review Ohm's Law with respect to the relationships among cardiac output (flow), total peripheral (vascular) resistance (TPR), and mean arterial blood pressure (Guyton& Hall pp 171-172) Also, review the 60/40 formula for mean arterial pressure on pp. 183-184 Second, skim Chapter 19 in Guyton& Hall (pp. 227-243) Study Figs. 19-10, and 19-13 Third, re-start Chapter 19 and answer the following questions on a mark-sense form. Choose the best answer 1. Arterial pressure is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and by body fluid regulation in the following manners: a. The sympathetic nervous system acts slowly, while body fluid regulation acts b. The sympathetic nervous system acts rapidy, while body fluid regulation acts c. The sympathetic nervous system and body fluid regulation both act slowly d. The sympathetic nervous system and body fluid regulation both act rapidly. 2. In pressure diuresis, a. Urine output decreases with increased arterial pressure. b. Urine output increases with decreased arterial pressure. c. Urine output decreases with decreased arterial pressure. d. Urine output increases with increased arterial pressure. 3. In pressure natriuresis, a. Sodium output increases with increased arterial pressure. b. Sodium output decreases with increased arterial pressure. c. Sodium output increases with decreased arterial pressure. d. Sodium output decreases with decreased arterial pressure. 4. To sustain a mean arterial pressure of about 100 mmHg in the long term, a. Water and sodium output must be greater than water and sodium intake. b. Water and sodium output must be less than water and sodium intake. c. Water and sodium output must equal water and sodium intake. d. Water and sodium output has no relevance to water and sodium intake. The two primary determinants of long-term arterial pressure control are: a. The degree of the kidneys' pressure diuresis response and the amount of water and 5. sodium ingested The degree of the kidneys' pressure natriuresis response and the amount of water and sodium ingested The degree of the kidneys' pressure diuresis response and the amount of water and carbohydrate ingested b. C. d. The degree of the kidneys' pressure natriuresis response and the amount of water and carbohydrate ingested 6. Long-term increases in mean arterial pressure have a greater efflect on pressure diuresis and natriuresis than short-term increases because of a. Direct effects of sympathetic nervous system and hormonal antidiuretic systems b. Indirect effects of sympathetic nervous system and hormonal antidiuretic systems c. Indirect effects of sympathetic nervous system and hormonal diuretic systems d. Direct effects of sympathetic nervous system and hormonal diuretic systems 7. When TPR is increased acutely and kidney function is normal, mean arterial pressure returns to normal within a day or so because: a. A lack of resistance increase in the kidneys allows pressure diuresis to function b. An increase in resistance in the kidneys causes pressure diuresis to function c. An increase in resistance in the kidneys causes pressure natriuresis to function d. A lack of resistance increase in the kidneys allows pressure diuresis and natriuresis to function normally 8. Excess ingested water is excreted rapidly by the kidneys. Excess ingested sodium is: a. b. c. d. Excreted more rapidly, causing increased volume of extracellular fluid. Excreted more slowly, causing decreased volume of extracellular fluid Excreted more slowly, causing increased volume of extracellular fluid Excreted more rapidly, causing decreased volume of extracellular fluid.Explanation / Answer
1. (b) Sympathetic nervous system acts rapidly as nervous control is very fast. Electrical signals travel quickly in nerves. Fluids take some time to travel through the body.
2. (d) Diuresis means increased excretion. Hence, urinary output is increased. Arterial pressure also increases during this time. It acts like a compensatory mechanism, to keep blood pressure in normal range.
3. (a) Sodium output increases and in order to maintain it, arterial pressure also increases.
4. (b) Water and sodium output should be less because if the output increases, arterial blood pressure would increase.
5. (a) Degree of kidney pressure diuresis response and amount sodium and water ingested. Sodium and water are responsible as they are invloved in Renin Angiotensinogen Aldosterone System response which affects kidney function.
6.(d) Direct effects of Sympathetic nervous system and hormonal diuretic systems
7. (b) An increase in resistance causes pressure diuresis to function normally.
8. (c) Excreted more slowly, causing increased volume of extracellular fluid.
9. (d) Heart, brain and kidneys
10. (a) Increased exctracellular fluid volumes causes increased cardiac output which causes hypertension.
11.(c) Hypertension and high TPR with normal output.
12. (d) Enzyme, angiotensinogen, angiotensin II
13. (b) Vasoconstriction of arterioles and increasing kidney excretion of Na and water
14. (a) Compensate for ingestion of very large or small amounts of fat.
15. (c) Vasoconstriction, parasympathetic
16. (b) Excess salt intake and sedentary life style
17. (a) Increased cardiac outputs, increased PNS effects on kidneys, increased angiotensin levels, increased natriuresis.
18. (d) prehypertension
19. (d) diabetes
20. (a) Too much sodium, less potassium and too many calories
21. (d) all the above
22. (c) More likely
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