1. In all living cells hydrostatic and osmotic pressures exist. Define these pre
ID: 3505485 • Letter: 1
Question
1. In all living cells hydrostatic and osmotic pressures exist. Define these pressures and explain how they are used in the concept of tonicity of the cell. Sara is giving birth to her first child. She is concerned that her labor is taking longer than she thought it would. Why does giving birth usually take time for the contractions to proceed to the point when the child is born? 2. Explain why water is considered to have partial charges even though it is sharing electronsi a polar covalent bond. 3.Explanation / Answer
Ans 1 Osmotic pressure may be defined as the pressure required to stop the process of osmosis or hinderance of water into an activally osmotic solution.
Hydrostatic pressure. It may be defined as the pressure expereienced or possessed by the fluids especially water in the cell.
Both these pressures are required to maintain the ionicity of the cell.As a particular cell contains maximum amount of ions in it by the process of osmosis . No osmosis is required in the cell then the cell will apply an osmotic pressure to stop the osmosis and eventually the water will stop flow in these cells.In the same way when the cell require water ,the water can enter from the surrounding by passing the hydrostatic pressure.
Ans 2 labour pain generally results by the action of hormone like like relaxin and the contraction of uterus muscles ,cervix and the vagina.Sara labour may be taking longer due to various reasons like low contraction of cervix,vagina or uterus,improper health condition or it may be possible that baby might not be in correct position .
Ans 3 Water is considered to be have partial charges because water consists of H+ ions and OH- ions in which oxygen is more electronegative and hydrogen is electopositive looks like an polar molecule. But when we look at its structure by vsepr theory the water molecules have two lone pairs and two bond pits .Due to the possible repulsion of these two lone pairs it seems to be partially charged.
Ans 4 The three subphases of interphases are G1 phase (gap 1 ),S (synthesis) phase and G2 ( gap 2 ) phase.G1 phase ,the cell prepares itself for DNA replication and marks the ending of mitosis.synthesis or S phase DNA replication occur ,the amount of DNA is increased twice .G 2 phase it follows by the S phase and the mitosis starts after this phase .
G1 phase is regulated by G1 cyclins cln3,and cdc 28 ,cycling d,CDk4,6 S phase is regulated by cycling E and CDK 2 . In some species G2 phase to M transition is by progesterone .
G0 or quiescent phase is also present in some cells in which the cell undergoes a dormancy phase .
Ans 5 Anti inflammatory drugs are the drugs which works against inflammation.pleurisy is the condition of the inflammation of the lungs and the area surrounded by the lung and its lining .So anti inflammatory drug is given to reduce the inflammation of lung.
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