1. Which of the following are required in order to produce shivering in response
ID: 3505390 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Which of the following are required in order to produce shivering in response to a decrease in body temperature? (You can select more than one answer)
A. Cell-to-Cell communication
B. Afferent pathway
C. A set point below body temperature
D. Positive feedback
E. Sweat Glands F. Effectors
2. Your body temperature decreases, and in response you shiver, causing your body temperature to increase. This is an example of _______. (multiple choice)
A. Positive Feedback
B. Homeostasis
C. Structure dictates function
D. Both A and B
3. Arrange the following terms in the proper hierarchical sequence, starting from the lowest (simplest) level and moving progressively up to more complex levels.
A. You
B. Nephron
C. Cell Membrane
D. Kidney
E. Podocyte
F. Urinary System
G. Phospholipid
Explanation / Answer
Question 1
Answer C A set point below body temperature and F Effectors
Shivering is a reflex triggered in response to cold in warm blooded animals to maintain homeostasis. Thermoreceptors present in organs detect this drop in temperature and send signals to control center hypothalamus. Hypothalamus controls effectors such as constriction of blood vessels in skin (reducing heat loss) and shivering of skeletal muscles (generate heat), in response to decrease in body temperature.
Question 2: Answer is B Homeostasis
Homeostasis is an example of negative feedback. When body senses a change, a mechanism is activated that can reverse the change for example change in body temperature. Shivering is a reflex triggered in response to cold in warm blooded animals to maintain homeostasis. Area in hypothalamaus is excited by cold signals from skin, if body temperature falls below a critical temperature level. To maintain temperature hypothalamus sends signal to the arteries present in skin and constrict them. In order to lose less heat warm blood is retained deeper in the body, so that less heat is lost from skin surface. But in case, if this phenomenon is insufficient brain further activates shivering. In shivering shaking of muscles results in warmth by expenditure of energy and helps warm the body back toward its 37 degrees Celsius set point.
Question 3
Hhierarchical sequence from the lowest (simplest) level to complex is as below
Phospholipids generally consist of two hydrophobic fatty acid tail and a hydrophilic head consisting of phosphate group. Phospholipids are a major component of all cell membranes and due to their amphiphillic nature they form lipid bilayers. Therefore they are less complex than cell membrane.
2. Cell membrane:
Cell membrane separates interior of the cell from outer environment. It consist of lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
3. Podocyte
Podocytes are cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus.
4 Nephron
Nephron is structural and functional unit of kidney.
5 Kidney
Kidney is a bean shaped organ of urinary system. There are two kidneys in body. Kidney helps in maintaining fluid balance, removal of waste and creating hormones.
6 Urinary System
urinary system is more complex than kidney as it comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra.
7 You
Human body is most complex as it consists of various cells and organ system. Urinary system, gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, cardiova
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