Please answer all and part of 58 is on second photo 47. Consider this: If a pers

Question

Please answer all and part of 58 is on second photo
47. Consider this: If a person ingests a non-absorbable solute into the gastrointestinal tract, (before redistribution occurs) solute concentration is and the relative water concentration is a) decreased, increased b) decreased, decreased c) increased, increased d) increased, decreased 48. As a result of the disturbance (in the above question), there will be a net diffusion of water a) into the gastrointestinal tract b) out of the gastrointestinal tract c) equally into and out of the gastrointestinal tract, so that there will be no net change in volume a) Conjugated b) Unconjugated 49. Liver disease, such as hepatitis, may result in elevated levels of circulating bilirubin. 50. Gallstones and blocked biliary secretion may result in elevated levels of circulating-_bilirubin. 51. The hypothalamus is the site of temperature regulation. If the hypothalamic set point for body temperature is suddenly readjusted to 34°C, then the temperature that was earlier considered "normal" (that is, 37°) is now perceived by the hypothalamus to be a_ a) deviation b) variable c) setpoint d) correction 52. In the question above, the consequence of the change in set point to 34 °C will be to a) Initiate shivering b) Initiate sweating c) Return the set point to the original value d) Bring the set point to a value lower than the original value. Choices may be used more than once a) Bacterial endotoxins b) Prostaglandin z c IL-1 d) COX-1 e) Arachadonic acid 53. Leukocyte cytokine 54. Fatty acid, membrane-derived, precursor molecule 55. Considered an exogenous pyrogen 56. Antipyretic agents block the enzymatic activity of this molecule 57. Molecule that acts directly on cells of the central nervous system to alter temperature 58. Which one of the following is not a building block of hormones? a) Carbohydrates b) Amino acids 68

Explanation / Answer

53. Ans-c) IL-1

explanation:

Interleukins are cytokines that produced by a leukocyte and lymphokines are produced by lymphocytes. The Interleukin-1 is produced by macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells which expressed by B lymphocytes, NK cells, microglia, and epithelial cells.

54. Ans- e) Arachidonic acid

Explanation:

Arachidonic acid is found in animal and human fat, liver, brain and glandular organs. It is an unsaturated, essential fatty acid and a precursor of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

55. Ans- a) Bacterial endotoxins

Gram-negative bacteria produce endotoxins from the outer membrane of their cell wall.

Pyrogens are produced by bacteria that causes fever when released into the blood. It is two types exogenous or endogenous.

Exogenous pyrogens are the microbial substances such as the lipopolysaccharide that found on the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Endogenous pyrogens are low molecular weight protein that produces by phagocytic leukocytes in response to exogenous pyrogens.

56. Ans- d) cox-1

Explanation:

Antipyretics agents are used to reducing fever.

COX is produced by prostaglandins and it is two types such as COX-1 and COX-2. These two enzymes produce inflammation, pain, and fever. Prostaglandins production is reduced by NSAIDs that block the COX enzymes. Therefore, all COX inhibitors reduced inflammation, pain, and fever.

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57. Ans- b) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

Explanation:

Prostaglandins E2 is formed by vascular endothelial cells brain that considered as a major pyrogenic mediator of fever. During inflammation, foreign particles enter the body that releases the PGE-2 by blood vessel walls that acts on the brain to cause fever.

58. Ans- a) carbohydrates

Explanation:

Hormones are mainly used for endocrine signaling and divided into following types :

1. Steroid Hormones - androgens(male sex hormones) and estrogens(female sex hormones)

2. Amino acid derivatives- epinephrine, melatonin, and thyroxine

3. Protein and peptides derivatives-Human growth hormone, Gastrin, glucagon, and insulin

4. Eicosanoids or fatty acid derivatives- prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

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