Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigms- Temporal Relationships between CS and US The m

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Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigms- Temporal Relationships between CS and US The most efficient form of Pavlovian conditioning is termed delay conditioning. In this paradigm, the CS precedes the US in time, following a brief delay between CS onset and US onset. In a typical delay conditioning paradigm, the US arrives while the CS is still on (or the US might arrive at the exact moment the CS turns off) The optimal delay between CS onset and US onset depends on the particular response being conditioned. For eye blink conditioning a 0.25 to 0.5-second delay between CS and US onset produces the optimal (best) conditioning; the maximum delay between CS and US onset for eye blink conditioning to still work is about 1 second. For salivary conditioning, the optimal delay between CS onset and US onset is a few seconds. For fear conditioning (where the CS predicts some kind of unpleasant or feared stimulus or event), efficient conditioning occurs at delays of 10 to 20 seconds between CS and US onset. In trace conditioning, the CS precedes the US in time but the CS ends before the US arrives. Compared to delay conditioning, trace conditioning is more difficult to establish. But many animals (including humans) develop a CR in the trace conditioning paradigm, provided that the "trace interval" (time between CS offset and US onset) is not too long. This conditioning paradigm is called "trace" conditioning because in order for conditioning to occur, the animal must maintain a "memory trace" of the CS throughout the trace interval, such that an association is formed between the CS memory trace and the US. Simultaneous conditioning, where the CS and US begin and end at the same time, does not result in CR learning. Backwards conditioning, where the US precedes the CS (the normal CS-US presentation sequence is backwards), does not lead to the acquisition of a normal CR, either Pavlovian conditioning paradigms Delay conditioning: The CS onset precedes the US onset following a brief delay. Typically, the CS and US overlap towards the end of the CS presentation. The "delay interval refers to the time between CS onset and US onset. Trace conditioning: The CS ends before the US arrives, so that only a "memory trace" of the CS is available by the time the US arrives. The "trace interval" refers to the time between CS offset and US onset. Simultaneous conditioning: The CS and US begin and end at the same time (simultaneously) Backwards conditioning: The CS onset comes after the US onset. GROUP DISCUSSION QUESTION: hy do you think delay conditioning and trace conditioning are effective in producing a CR while simultaneous conditioning and backwards conditioning are not effective procedures for CR learning?

Explanation / Answer

In delayed and trace conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes the unconditioned stimulus (US) by a significant time period and so the organism learns to establish a clear link between the CS and US. On the other hand, in simultaneous conditioning, the CS and US are activated at the same time, while In backwards conditioning, the CS onset comes after the US onset. These methods of conditioning are mostly ineffective because they do not allow for a clear association between the US and the CS.

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