ctory Psychology Indicates a reuired feld FORUM DESCRIPTION Beard Answer any 2 e
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ctory Psychology Indicates a reuired feld FORUM DESCRIPTION Beard Answer any 2 ef the folowing questions from this lecture in this section 2 Expalin what case studes are and how they are useful to psychologists What are the majer advantages and dsadvartages of this type of research? 3 Deine correlational'eseanh Hoe' oondational rese.ch useful topsychologists, wh. the adveuges and Gud amagn dikiype-rese.ch. A scienist is shudying the efects of alcohel on driving ablity Set up and experimental desn in whish bis scentit coudd idenlity the effects of alco an driving sbiiyou desciption bre varlable, the control group, the expermental group How could ts scnlist avaid e elfects of experimentor bias when scoing the esults of this sudy Discuss the inportance of sampling n reseach what ane the major weseardh inues invwalved in samping and what can a researcher do to ovewcome many of the obntlackes to proper sampling? 6 Desarbe at least five stipulations fom APi's etical guideInes for researchers Whst are sonve curent opinions amsng reseaches and thier crties in regeds to these gidelines?Hint soe o ontact Ino SupportExplanation / Answer
1.Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment. This type of research is often utilized in situations where conducting lab research is unrealistic, cost prohibitive or would unduly affect the subject's behavior. Naturalistic observation differs from structured observation in that it involves looking at a behavior as it occurs in its natural setting with no attempts at intervention on the part of the researcher. For example, researchers interested in looking at certain aspects of classroom behavior, such as interactions between students or even the dynamics between the teacher and students, might opt to use naturalistic observation as part of their research. Performing such research in a lab would be difficult since it would involve recreating a classroom environment, and would likely influence the behavior of the participants, making it difficult to generalize the observations. By observing the subjects in their natural setting (the classroom where they work and learn each and every day), the researchers can get a better look at the behavior of interest as they occur in the real world. Advantages:- One of the biggest advantages of this type of research is that it allows the investigators to directly observe the subject in a natural setting.This gives scientists a first-hand look at social behavior and may even allow them to notice things that they might never have encountered in a lab. It allows researchers to study things that cannot be manipulated in a lab due to ethical concerns. For example, while it would be unethical to study the effects of imprisonment by actually confining subjects, researchers can gather information by using naturalistic observation in real prison settings. It can help support the external validity of the research. It is one thing to say that the findings of a lab study will generalize to a larger population, but quite another to actually observe those findings occurring in a natural setting. Disadvantages:- One of the disadvantages of naturalistic observation includes the fact that it can be difficult to determine the exact cause of a behavior and the experimenter cannot control for outside variables. People may behave differently when they know they are being watched. Sometimes people try to behave better than they normally would in order to appear more socially desirable or acceptable. Researchers can make efforts to avoid this, but it can be difficult to eliminate this problem entirely. Different observers may draw different conclusions from the same witnessed behavior. Two researchers might see the same actions yet attribute them to different causes. 2.Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Typically, data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations & interviews). The case study method often involves simply observing what happens to, or reconstructing ‘the case history’ of a single participant or group of individuals (such as a school class or a specific social group), i.e. the idiographic approach. Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants (nomothetic approach) with the aim of ‘averaging’. The case study is not itself a research method, but researchers select methods of data collection and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies. Amongst the sources of data the psychologist is likely to turn to when carrying out a case study are observations of a person’s daily routine, unstructured interviews with the participant herself (and with people who know her), diaries, personal notes (e.g. letters, photographs, notes) or official document (e.g. case notes, clinical notes, appraisal reports). Case studies are often conducted in clinical medicine and involve collecting and reporting descriptive information about a particular person or specific environment, such as a school. In psychology, case studies are often confined to the study of a particular individual. The information is mainly biographical and relates to events in the individual's past (i.e. retrospective), as well as to significant events which are currently occurring in his or her everyday life. Advantages:- Provides detailed (rich qualitative) information. Provides insight for further research. Permitting investigation of otherwise impractical (or unethical) situations. Case studies are often used in exploratory research. They can help us generate new ideas (that might be tested by other methods). They are an important way of illustrating theories and can help show how different aspects of a person's life are related to each other. Disadvantages:- Can’t generalize the results to the wider population. Researchers' own subjective feeling may influence the case study (researcher bias). They are difficult to replicate. They are time consuming. Because a case study deals with only one person/event/group we can never be sure whether the conclusions drawn from this particular case apply elsewhere. The results of the study are not generalizable because we can never know whether the case we have investigated is representative of the wider body of "similar" instances.
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