Pavlov present a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually the sound

Question

Pavlov present a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be consider the _____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response In operant conditioning, reinforcement is ____ a. any food that the organism likes b. a stimulus that produces a reflexive response c. an event that decreases the future probability of a response d. an event that increases the future probability of a response Lashley's term "engram" refers to ____. a. a drug that facilitates learning b. the physical representation of learning c. a procedure that improved memory d. an automatic response to a sensory stimulus Lashley found that a deep cut in a rat's cerebral cortex completely eliminated the effects of learning under what circumstances, if any? a. if the cut was made after the learning b. if the learned task was simple c. if the learned task was complex d. under none of the circumstances he studied What does the phrase "all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning" define? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. equipotentiality d. mass action

Explanation / Answer

1. c)The sound in this experiment is the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response that is salivation by the dog. Initially pavlov presented food and the dog salivated but as he associated sound with food the dog formed an association between sound and food . So sound became conditioned stimulus.

2. d) In operant conditioning reinforcement is an event that increases the future probability of a response. For example, if you want your dog to sit on command, you may give him a treat every time he sits for you.Reinforcement can be negitive or positive.

3 c).An Engram is the hypothesized physical memory trace, either biophysical or biochemical, that that is produced when information is stored in the brain.

4. d) under none of the circumstances he studied - Lashley's conclusions implied that a skill would never depend upon one tiny area of neurons

5. d) mass action - the principle of mass action postulates that certain types of learning are mediated by the cerebral cortex as a whole, contrary to the view that every psychological function is localized at a specific place on the cortex.

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