A) discuss what happens when sleep wake patterns are disrupted by shift work or
ID: 3491836 • Letter: A
Question
A) discuss what happens when sleep wake patterns are disrupted by shift work or by jet lag. B) describe how sleep patterns change over the lifespan. C) define dyssomnia and parasomnia and list and describe their several characteristics. D) explain the effects of hypnosis, describe posthypnotic suggestion, and explain their effects on brain functioning A) discuss what happens when sleep wake patterns are disrupted by shift work or by jet lag. B) describe how sleep patterns change over the lifespan. C) define dyssomnia and parasomnia and list and describe their several characteristics. D) explain the effects of hypnosis, describe posthypnotic suggestion, and explain their effects on brain functioning A) discuss what happens when sleep wake patterns are disrupted by shift work or by jet lag. B) describe how sleep patterns change over the lifespan. C) define dyssomnia and parasomnia and list and describe their several characteristics. D) explain the effects of hypnosis, describe posthypnotic suggestion, and explain their effects on brain functioningExplanation / Answer
A. Sleep wake patterns are mostly regulated by the circadian rhythm of the body situated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the reticular activating system (RAS). They are called the internal clock of the body of the individuals which is synchronized with the external environment. Thus, they are sensitive to the light and dark of the external environment, which is so systematized that individuals tends to stay awake during the day and sleep during the night. However, this tends to get disrupted during shift works or jet lag when the individuals internal clock becomes asynchronized with the external environment. The body's circadian rhythm tends to signal that they are encountering this problem and the sleep gets disrupted. Though this internal clock is flexible and adapts itself to the changes eventually, they tend to pose some problems too while doing this which cannot be resolved. As mentioned, the circadian rhythm is sensitive to the light and dark cycle, though the body requires sleep after the tired shifts of work or the jet lag, the individual is unable to have a continuous sleep for at least 7-8 hours. This in turn, leads to lack of energy, fatgiue, drowsiness, impaired attention, impaired performance, alterations in mood. If this significant disruption in the circadian rhythm continues for a prolonged period of time, higher risks of serious health disorders like obesity, diabetes, hypertension and mood disorders may result.
B. The sleep patterns tends to change throughout the lifespan. A new-born baby tends to sleep for at least 16-20 hours during a complete day. In the first fours years of life, the hours of sleep tends to change or reduce by 10 to 11 years. Then again the hours of sleep tends to decline with the gradual years. Children tend to spend atleast 9 hours of sleep, whereas an adult tends to sleep 8 hours in a day, though not mandatory. However, this is desirable in order to bring about most of the individual's productivity. In case of elderly individuals, it is hard to get even 8 hours of sleep though they want to. In case of infants till three or four months old, the sleep tends to be more sporadic, where they spend most of their time in eating and sleeping, having very little time for other activities. The sleep gradually gets consolidated after that periods with more time of sleep during night and gradual decrease of sleep during day, ultimately leading to consolidated sleep only during the night.
C. Dyssomnia refers to a collection of sleep disorders which are charactized by disturbance in initiation and maintenance of sleep. The body's natural resting and waking patterns are disrupted in terms of it's quality, quantity and timing of sleep. This disruption in initiation and maintenance of sleep may often lead to episodes of excessice drowsiness during daytime known as somnolence. All these disturbances may bring about symtoms of drowsiness during day time, poor concentration. fatigue and lack of energy. This may be thought to be due to disturbances in the Central Nervous System that alters the sleep process. It may be caused due to intrinsic (internal) or extrinsic (external) factors.
Parasomnia refers to a group of disorders where the sleep-wake transition are accompanied with abnormal motor arousals, behavioral or sensory experiences. Sensory experiences may involve many dream-like hallucinatory experiences with autonomic symptoms. When these are accompanied by the motor activities, it might often be fatal to the individuals as well as to others. The individual might cause injury to the self and to others in the absence of their awareness about them. The behaviors may be inappropriate for the time of occurance but may often seem purposeful and goal-directed. The cases of parasomnias may often medicolegal consequances. Confusional arousals, sleep walking, sleep talking, sleep terrors, somniloquy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy may be classified into NON-REM parasomnias while nightmares, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis may be classified as REM parasomnias.
D. In hypnosis the inidividual is in a deeply relaxed state with heightened suggestibility called trance. It may be thought to be an effective form of treatment for many mental, psychosomatic and physical disorders. It may be thought to be an effective way to bring about suppressed past memories nack to consciousness. It may also bring about reduction in stress. Individuals may be made to be aware of their emotional and physical pain along with their relation. Often chronic pain management may be done by bringing about the ability to control pain without use of medication. It may also help in correction dysfunctional behaviors like self-destructive habits, anxiety disorders and managing various side-effects of certain medical treatments and precedures.
Post-hypnotic suggestions refers to the statements which are provided to the individuals during hypnosis sessions that the person needs to do when they are in a awake state. The statements need to be in a positive form and not in any negative form. It may be in the forms of hetero-hypnosis or self-hypnosis. This is mainly done to speed up the induction process of future occasions and for deepening the state of trance. If the posthynotic suggestion donot occur, it may either be due to inability to go into the trance state properly or improper instruction. Posthynotic suggestion is often effective in losing weight or de-addiction.
During hypnosis, there is increased activity of the abilities for visual imagery, memory, and for analyzing verbally presented scenarios. The occipital lobe, and the left temporal lobe are thought to participate in these processes. Pre-frontal cortex is also thought to play a significant role during this process. Reasearches have found an increase in the connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the insula and a decrease in activity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the resting state network due to the effects of hypnosis and hypnotic transition (Jiang, White, Greicius, Waelde & Spiegel, 2016).
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