On page 106 of Turner\'s reading on \"Liminality and Communitas,\" the author de

Question

On page 106 of Turner's reading on "Liminality and Communitas," the author describes his theory of communitas based on binaries which include:

Simplicity in communitas; Complexity in regular structured society.

Anonymity in communitas; Identity in regular structured society.

No property in communitas; Property in regular structured society.

All of the above.

The Ritual Process Liminality and Communitas 107 The powers that shape the neophytes in liminality for the incum- bency of new status are felt, in rites all over the world, to be more than human powers, though they are invoked and channeled by the representatives of the community Simplicity/complexity Acceptance of pain and suffering/avoidance of pain and suffering yidegrees of autonomy This list could be considerably lengthened if we were to widen the span of liminal situations considered. Moreover, the symbols in which these properties are manifested and embodied are manifold and various, and often relate to the physiological processes of death and birth, anabolism and katabolism. The reader will have noticed immediately that many of these properties constitute what we think of as characteristics of the reli Undoubtedly, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and Jews would num- ber many of them among their religious characteristics, too. What appears to have happened is that with the increasing specialization of society and culture, with progressive complexity in the social di sion of labor, what was in tribal society principally a set of tran tional qualities "betwixt and between" defined states of culture, and society has become itself an institutionalized state. But traces of the passage quality of the religious life remain in such formulations as “The Christian is a stranger to the world, a pilgrim, a traveler, with no place to rest his head." Transition has here become condition. Nowhere has this institutionalization of liminality been more clearly marked and defined than in the monastic and mendi- cant states in the great world religions. LIMINALITY CONTRASTED WITH STATUS SYSTEM Let us now, rather in the fashion of Lévi-Strauss, express the differ- ence between the properties of liminality and those of the status system in terms of a series of binary oppositions or discriminations They can be ordered as follows life in the Christian tradition. Transition/state Totality/partiality Homogeneity/heterogeneity Communitas/structure Equalitylinequality Anonymity/systems of nomenclature Absence of property/property Absence of status/status Nakedness or uniform clothing/distinctions of clothing Sexual continence/sexuality Minimization of sex distinctions/maximization of sex distinctions Absence of rank/distinctions of rank , a permanent Humilityjust pride of position For example, the Western Christian Rule of St. Benedict"provides for the life ofmen who wish to live in community and devote themselves entirely to God's service by self-discipline, prayer, and work. They are to be essentially families, in the care and under the absolute control of a father (the abbot); individually they are bound to personal paverty abstention from marriage, and obedience to their superiors, and by the vows of stability and conversion of manners originally a synonym for "common life,', “monasticity" as distinguished from secular life]; a moderate degree of austerity is imposed by the night office, fasting, abstinence from fleshmeat, and restraint in convestion (Attwater, 1961, p. 51-my emphases). I have stressed features that bear a remarkable similarity to the condition of the chief-elect during his Disregard for personal appearance/care for personal appearance No distinctions of wealth/distinctions of wealth Unselfishness/selfishness Total obedience/obedience only to superior rank Sacred instruction/technical knowledge Silence/speech Suspension of kinship rights and obligations/kinship rights and tions Continuous reference to mystical powers/intermittent reference to mystical powers Foolishness/sagacity

Explanation / Answer

Correct Answer- d- all of the above

In the description, the author refers to Levi Straus and uses his terminology to explain the binary nature of things with the two extremes of the conituum being the liminality and communitas. The inherent menaing of this is that the world can be divided on two extremes but most of the people fall in the middle cataegory and lesser people on the two extremes.

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