Select two of these disorders: major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety di

Question

Select two of these disorders: major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia disorders. Suggest how the disorders you select may be treated with medication and state the effect(s) of the drugs on particular neurotransmitters and the side effects associated with those drugs. HTML C55 Mashups Words:0 Path: p QUESTION 2 Describe how electroconvulsive therapy and neurosurgery are used in contemporary psychology TTT Paragraph AriaL 3(12pt) THL C55 Words:0 Path:

Explanation / Answer

Typically, treatment of bipolar disorder comprises of a combination of at least one mood-stabilizing drug and/or atypical antipsychotic, plus psychotherapy. The common drug given is; Valproic acid, supplied as the sodium salt valproate semisodium or divalproex sodium, is a fatty acid. The mechanism of action of valproate is attributed to the blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels and increased brain levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

The side effects of Valproic acid include;

·         nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, indigestion, constipation, diarrhea;

·         fever, flu symptoms, cough, sore throat, sneezing, runny nose;

·         nervousness, depression, sleep problems (insomnia);

A · headache, dizziness, drowsiness, memory problems, unusual thoughts;

·         rash, hair loss, bruising;

Medications used for the schizophrenia treatment, are antipsychotic medications like; Risperidone (Risperdal). Risperidone acts as antagonist at the following receptors:

The side effects of Risperidone (Risperdal) include;

2.

Electroconvulsive therapy in contemporary Psychology is used for the treatment of a small number of severe mental illnesses. Developed in the 1930s and was used widely during the 1950s and 1960s for a several of conditions. Currently, it is used for fewer, very serious conditions like Schizophrenia. Where an electrical current is passed through the brain to produce an epileptic fit – hence the name, electro-convulsive.

The use of Neurosurgery in contemporary Psychology is very controversial however stereotaxic surgery is used in some cases like Parkinson’s where electrodes are implanted in the brain.

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