Lab 3 Questions Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables and Article Revi
ID: 3485748 • Letter: L
Question
Lab 3 Questions
Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables and Article Reviews
Questions to be applied to Li and Blatchley (2014)
1. What is the primary question posed by the study?
a) Is there a hypothesis stated? If so, what is it?
b) What is the theoretical explanation for the proposed hypothesis
2. In two sentences or less describe the sample.
3. The study had one independent variable (IV). Please identify/label the IV, identify/label and describe the levels of IV, and describe how the IV was manipulated:
IV: Label ___________________
IV: Levels (How many and what are they?)
IV: How was the TWO independent variable manipulated?
4. What was the dependent variable and how was it operationalized?
5. As concise as possible, briefly summarize the procedures, in other words describe what participants did from the start to the end of the study.
6. How do the results of the study affect the originally posed hypothesis (or purpose of study)?
7. Describe one strength of the study
a) Describe one weaknesses of the study?
8. What is a logical extension of the study? Briefly describe a study you could conduct to extend the research.
9. Write a paragraph using 5 sentences or less that summarizes the study. In this summary make sure you include a brief description of: 1) What they did, 2) What they found, and 3) What they suggested was the meaning or importance of what they found.
Examining the Effect of Peppermint on Cognitive Functioning Sijia Li and Barbara Blatchley Agnes Scott College ABSTRACT. When odorant molecules enter the nose, they do more than create a sensation of smell. Previous research has documented the influence of odorants on mood, physiology, cognitive functioning, and behaviors. The current study investigatedwhether and how peppernint, an odor commonly described as alerting, and the expectation of its presence, would affect attention and working memory. Fifty female undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: peppermint (threshold odorant, no expectation), expectation (no odorant, expectation), and control (no odorant, no expectation). Participants completed the Stroop or-Word Interference Test and memory span assessments while wearing facial masks that either had the odorant applied to them or had no odorant applied in accordance with their condition assignments. We found no significant differences in performance on the Stroop Test and the memory span assessments across all three conditions. We propose that peppermint odorants of higher concentration may be needed to produce enhancing effects on cognitive functioning. The current study contributed to the literature as a pilot study on the topic and posed questions for fiiture researchers s the least studied of thc five human senses olfaction plays an important role in our perception of the world and has extensive labels. In some cases, the perception of an odor ant was inverted by the labels. For example, a l:l combination of isovaleric and butyric acid (rated as but often unnoticcd, influence on our behaviors. having a "cheesy" smell by a separate set of observ- Goldstein (2010) summarized the function of theers) was rated neutral when labeled parmesan cheese olfactory system, saying that odorant moleculesand was rated extremely unpleasant when labeled come into the nose and stimulate the receptor vomit. Morrot, Brochet, and Dubourdieu (2001) found that adding red coloring to white wine led wine tasters to describe the aroma with terms that then transmit signals to the priforn cortex and the were usually associated with red wine. Similarly, a test odorant consisting of a mixture of sweat and cheddar cheese was rated more pleasant when it was cortex do not always respond in the same manner labeled cheddar cheese than when it was labeled body to a certain odorant molecule. Other factors such odor (de Araujo, Rolls, Velazco, Margot, & Cayeux as expectation can alter the perception of odnts2005). Herz (2003) took a further step. She asked participants to evaluate the pleasantness, safety, Herz and von Clef (2001) first demonstrated thatand familiarity of eight odorants based on the the perception of the hedonics of odorants could odorants only, or the odor labels only, or both. The be significantly affected by the accompanying odorresults showed that the ratings of odor hedonics neurons in the olfactory mucosa, which send signals to the olfactory bulb. Neurons in the olfactory bulb amygdala, and next to the orbitofrontal cortex. However, the neurons in the orbitofrontal and neural processing to create olfactory illusions.Explanation / Answer
1. The primary question posed by this study is that if molecules such as peppermint or odorants have an effect on the cognitive functioning or the working memory of a person. This odour are generally known as having an alerting effect on people.
A) yes, there is a hypothesis and the hypothesis states that, the time when odorants would enter into nose, there is more than only a sense of smell that is created and this effect may reach and act directly on the brain.
B) the theoretical explanation is that there has been research done previously that has stated that odorants do have influences on the working memory and on cognitive functions of a person. According to Goldstein, the odorants molecules enter the nose, stimulate the receptors that are present in the the olfactory mucosa, which would further send signals to the olfactory bulb that would transmit signals to priform cortex aswell as the amygdala which would further go to the orbitofrontal cortex. The response of the neurons ro the odorants molecule may differ.
2. In the pilot study, a small number of participants, 50, have been chosen so as to identify if the odorant peppermint at a threshold value could stimulate response to the participants of the study, when carrying out strop color word interference test and memory span assessment tests, while wearing thmasks with the odorants, so as to see that if there are any differences in the performance of both these tests in control, where no odorant was supposed, peppermint, where a threshold odorant was supplied and expectation, where no odorant was supplied. The study suggests that if peppermint is present in higher concentrations, it would exult in an increase in cognitive functioning.
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