1. In the gills of fish deoxygenated blood coming from tissues flows through the
ID: 3484150 • Letter: 1
Question
1. In the gills of fish deoxygenated blood coming from tissues flows through the capillary beds of the lamellae in the opposite direction to the water moving across the gills. What is the significance of this counter current flow? What would happen if the blood and water flowed in the same direction? 1A. What is a swim bladder? What functions does it serve? 1B. Describe respiration/ventilation in a shark, a bird, crocodile and a mammal 1C. What anatomical adaptations in the respiratory system allows a frog and a rat to live near their habitats (frogs near water and rats on land)Explanation / Answer
1. ANS: According to Darwin: through swim bladder fishes respire by taking dissolved oxygen of water as the Vertebrata lungs do. According to Darwin they both share homologues origin means same origin function different .They share common ancestral origin. Swim bladder produces a strong refection of sound .It used in sonar equipment to find fishes. Swim bladder is closely related to lungs. It connected to the gut .The swim bladder by "gulping" air the pneumatic duct, allowing the fish to fill up.
2. ANS: When a marine mammal needs to conserve heat, a counter current heat exchange system is activated, in which arteries and veins work together to maintain consistent blood temperature. Warm arterial blood moves outward from the heart and organs passing through the wonderful network of veins bringing cool blood back. The venous blood flow surrounds the arteries and act as insulators for the warm arterial blood. Heat that may otherwise be lost into the surrounding sea is transferred to help warm up the blood in the veins as it returns towards the heart.
3. ANS: The respiratory system of reptiles lacks the tree like airway structure of mammals. They also lack a diaphragm and make up for it using contraction of intercostal muscles. Reptiles have positive-pressure breathing while mammals have negative-pressure breathing.
The frog can respire through its skin. Frog can contain a thin membranous tissue which can easily permeable to water and allow the process diffusion of respiratory gases through the help of network of blood vessels present in the skin. Due the presence of mucous glands the can easily respire on the land by keeping its skin in moist condition for absorbing atmospheric oxygen. The frog can breathe through their nostrils which present down into their lungs. Nostrils open after that which allows air to enter the enlarged mouth then the Co2 from lungs can expired out through nostrils.
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