What processes are needed for metastatic spread? 1. 2. 3. 4. 17. What is a tumor

Question

What processes are needed for metastatic spread? 1. 2. 3. 4. 17. What is a tumor suppressor? -Is a pro-apoptotic gene likely to be a tumor suppressor? - Is an anti-apoptotic gene likely to be a tumor suppressor? Is a pro-mitotic gene likely to be a tumor suppressor? - Is an anti-mitotic gene likely to be a tumor suppressor? 18.3 characteristics of a stem cell. What's the difference between pluri- toti- uni-potentcy? 1. 2. 3. Totipotent: Pluripotent: Unipotent: 19. Junctions (Desmosomes, Gap Junctions, Tight Junctions). What are examples of tissues with special roles for each? 20. Molarity vs Molality vs Tonicity 21. Tonicity (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic). (Will a cell swell with water or shrivel or remain the same in each environment?) the effect of each situation (hypo-, hyper-, isotonic environment) on the movement of water?

Explanation / Answer

16. The processes needed for metastatic spread are as follows:

17. A tumor suppressor:

              - is a pro-apoptotic gene

              - is an anti-mitotic gene

18. Three characteristics of a stem cell

              1. They are unspecialized cells

2. They are capable of renewing themselves through cell division.

              3. They can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.

Totipotent - can form all the cell types in a body, including the extraembryonic, or placental, cells

Pluripotent – can give rise to every cell type in the fully formed body, but not the extraembryonic, or placental, cells

Unipotent - can give rise to a single type of cell

19.

Desmosomes – apposed patches of thickened membranes of two adjacent cells

                             Help to hold the cells together

Ex: most of the epithelia

Gap junctions – two adjacent cells connected by intercellular spce

                             Provide the low-resistance passage for exchange of small molecules between two cells

Permits rapid propagation of electrical activity

Ex: cardiac and smooth muscle

Tight junctions –

                             Ex: apical margins of the cells lining intestine and walls of renal tubule

                             Prevents the free passage of molecules in paracellular pathway

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