Please answer all questions 1. Emphysema is associated with all of the following

Question

Please answer all questions

1. Emphysema is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

a. air trapping

b. bronchial edema

c. destruction of alveilar walls

d. lung fibrosis

2. If a patient's blood pH is measured at 7.53, you would expect his rate of respiration to

a. remain the same as long as he forms urine at an increased rate

b. slow down

c. speed up

d. slow down, then speed up as his heart rate increases

3. A tumor of the adrenal cortex would result in all of the following, EXCEPT

a. hyponatremia

b. a decrease in urine formation

c. and increase in K+ secretion by the tubules

d. increased osmotic pressure

Explanation / Answer

1-) Emphysema is a long term respiratory disease, which is also included in group of diseases called Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , because in emphysema there is loss of elasticity of the lungs or basically the elastic recoil of lungs is lost due to destruction of the elastic fibers by elastolysis ( In this the neutrophils release PROTEASES which digest and destroys elastic fibers athereby disturbing elastic recoil of lungs) , causing destruction to the alveolar walls and inability of lungs to inflate and deflate. resulting in AIR TRAPPING. In emphysema lungs remain permanently in inflated state.

Emphysema being progressive disease , get worse if not controlled, as smoking the main causative factor of emphysema can be controlled and even stopped for managing the disease. But emphysema alongwith AIR TRAPPING , DESTRUCTION OF ALVEOLAR WALLS, can further lead to LUNG FIBROSIS.

Emphysema thus is not associated directly with BRONCHIAL EDEMA in which there is accumulation of fluid in the air spaces and tissues of lungs.

Option (b) Bronchial edema

2-) Rate of respiration is the rate at which a person inhales and exhales air, It could be used as an indicator to suggest the health of a person.

Normal Blood PH of humans is to be maintained between 7.35 to 7.45, Blood PH above this normal level could lead to ALKALOSIS , as a result there is reduction in arterial levels of carbon dioxide, therefore disturbing Acid-base Homeostasis.

During Alkalosis the response of kidneys is slow, breathing becomes too fast to take in more oxygen but due to less carbon dioxide in blood breathing becomes deep and fast.

Option (C) speed up

3-) Adrenal cortex tumor- Tumors of adrenal cortex are mostly benign and are called ADENOMAS. These tumors are not very prevelant and are mostly discovered accidently due to some other cause. In adenoma there can be over secretion or undersecretion of hormone Aldosterone resulting into different symptoms.

Hyponatremia means low sodium levels in blood which is generally a symptom for adrenal tumor.

Aldosterone hormone is a salt water balancing hormone and electrolyte balance. It helps in reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium. Volume of extracellular fluid and blood decreases in adrenal tumor and there is decrease urine formation, but there will be increased osmotic pressure

Option (C) increase in K+ secretion by tubules.

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