10. Cholera is caused by a toxin secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The

Question

10. Cholera is caused by a toxin secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The toxin gets taken up by a particular type of epithelial cell lining the small intestine. Once inside, the toxin causes the cells to secrete large amounts of chloride ions (CI) into the lumen of the small intestine. The added negative charge in the chyme also attracts equally large amounts of positively charged Na* into the lumen (opposite charges attract). Without proper treatment, cholera is fatal in as little as 18 hours. Death occurs from complications associated with dehydration due to the production of 10-20 L of diarrhea per day. Lumen of Small Intestine Cl- CI Na* Interstitial Fluid Figure 1. Simplified depiction of the effects of cholera toxin on CI and Na" secretion in the small intestine (a) Given the information above, explain in detail the reason for the diarrhea. (It might be helpful to follow the chain of causality from "Toxin causes secretion of chloride ions...", through "...which results in severe diarrhea".) (5 points) (b) Severe diarrhea often results in metabolic acidosis. Predict any likely changes to the respiration of someone infected with cholera and explain why those changes would occur. (5 points)

Explanation / Answer

in the cholera the secretory diarrhea ocurs.

seretory diarrhea occurs when electrolyte absorption is affected,in this diesease the toxin activates adenylcylase results in accumulation of CAMP which is responsible for secretion of chlorides into lumen of large intestine. the absorptive surface area decreases and electrolyte enter the lumen of larg intestine.it leads to the increased water levels in the stool.

metabolic acidosis is a condition in which the blood plasma PH is decreased.chlorides play a major role in the acid base balance in the body.it acts as a proton acceptor.due to the lack of the chloride ion the protons(H+ ions) concentration increases it leads to decreased PH so the metaboic acidosis occur.

due to the metabolic acidosis the production of HCO3- ions affected it leads to the increased co2 in blood.to remove the excess co2 present in the body the rapid deep breathing movements occurs called kausmal breathing.to compensate the metabolic acidosis pulmonary alkolosis occurs

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